gergely/my-emacs-d
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Releases Wiki Activity
293f74a0f6
my-emacs-d/elpa/magit-20161012.1035/magit.info-1
Gergely Polonkai 293f74a0f6 Update packages
2016-10-13 11:05:05 +02:00

7909 lines
312 KiB
Plaintext
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This is magit.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.2 from magit.texi.
Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented as
an Emacs package. Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain. While
we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each and every
Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced Git users
to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks directly from
within Emacs. While many fine Git clients exist, only Magit and Git
itself deserve to be called porcelains.
Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@bernoul.li>
You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
any later version.
This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Magit: (magit). Using Git from Emacs with Magit.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

File: magit.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
Magit User Manual
*****************
Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented as
an Emacs package. Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain. While
we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each and every
Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced Git users
to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks directly from
within Emacs. While many fine Git clients exist, only Magit and Git
itself deserve to be called porcelains.
Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@bernoul.li>
You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
any later version.
This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
* Menu:
* Introduction::
* Installation::
* Getting started::
* Interface concepts::
* Inspecting::
* Manipulating::
* Transferring::
* Miscellaneous::
* Customizing::
* Plumbing::
* FAQ::
* Keystroke Index::
* Command Index::
* Function Index::
* Variable Index::
— The Detailed Node Listing —
Installation
* Updating from an older release::
* Installing from an Elpa archive::
* Installing from the Git repository::
* Post-installation tasks::
Interface concepts
* Modes and Buffers::
* Sections::
* Popup buffers and prefix commands::
* Completion and confirmation::
* Running Git::
Modes and Buffers
* Switching Buffers::
* Naming Buffers::
* Quitting Windows::
* Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers::
* Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers::
* Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers::
Sections
* Section movement::
* Section visibility::
* Section hooks::
* Section types and values::
* Section options::
Running Git
* Viewing Git output::
* Running Git manually::
* Git executable::
* Global Git arguments::
Inspecting
* Status buffer::
* Repository list::
* Logging::
* Diffing::
* Ediffing::
* References buffer::
* Bisecting::
* Visiting blobs::
* Blaming::
Status buffer
* Status sections::
* Status header sections::
* Status options::
Logging
* Refreshing logs::
* Log Buffer::
* Select from log::
* Reflog::
Diffing
* Refreshing diffs::
* Diff buffer::
* Diff options::
* Revision buffer::
References buffer
* References sections::
Manipulating
* Repository setup::
* Staging and unstaging::
* Applying::
* Committing::
* Branching::
* Merging::
* Resolving conflicts::
* Rebasing::
* Cherry picking::
* Resetting::
* Stashing::
Staging and unstaging
* Staging from file-visiting buffers::
Committing
* Initiating a commit::
* Editing commit messages::
Branching
* The two remotes::
* The branch popup::
* The branch config popup::
Rebasing
* Editing rebase sequences::
* Information about in-progress rebase::
Cherry picking
* Reverting::
Transferring
* Remotes::
* Fetching::
* Pulling::
* Pushing::
* Creating and sending patches::
* Applying patches::
Miscellaneous
* Tagging::
* Notes::
* Submodules::
* Subtree::
* Common commands::
* Wip modes::
* Minor mode for buffers visiting files::
* Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs::
Submodules
* Listing submodules::
* Submodule popup::
Customizing
* Per-repository configuration::
* Essential settings::
Essential settings
* Safety::
* Performance::
Plumbing
* Calling Git::
* Section plumbing::
* Refreshing buffers::
* Conventions::
Calling Git
* Getting a value from Git::
* Calling Git for effect::
Section plumbing
* Creating sections::
* Section selection::
* Matching sections::
Conventions
* Confirmation and completion::
* Theming Faces::
FAQ
* Magit is slow::
* I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable::
* I am having problems committing::
* Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging::
* I don't understand how branching and pushing work::
* I don’t like the key binding in v2.4: I don't like the key binding in v24.
* I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2::
* I am using an Emacs release older than v24.4: I am using an Emacs release older than v244.
* I am using a Git release older than v1.9.4: I am using a Git release older than v194.
* I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit::
* I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell, but not in Magit: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit.
* How to install the gitman info manual?::
* How can I show Git's output?::
* Diffs contain control sequences::
* Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear::
* Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer::
* The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date::
* Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?::
* How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?::
* Emacs 24.5 hangs when loading Magit: Emacs 245 hangs when loading Magit.
* Symbol's value as function is void ‘--some’::
* Where is the branch manager::

File: magit.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Installation, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented as
an Emacs package. Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain. While
we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each and every
Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced Git users
to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks directly from
within Emacs. While many fine Git clients exist, only Magit and Git
itself deserve to be called porcelains.
Staging and otherwise applying changes is one of the most important
features in a Git porcelain and here Magit outshines anything else,
including Git itself. Git’s own staging interface (‘git add --patch’)
is so cumbersome that many users only use it in exceptional cases. In
Magit staging a hunk or even just part of a hunk is as trivial as
staging all changes made to a file.
The most visible part of Magit’s interface is the status buffer,
which displays information about the current repository. Its content is
created by running several Git commands and making their output
actionable. Among other things, it displays information about the
current branch, lists unpulled and unpushed changes and contains
sections displaying the staged and unstaged changes. That might sound
noisy, but, since sections are collapsible, it’s not.
To stage or unstage a change one places the cursor on the change and
then types ‘s’ or ‘u’. The change can be a file or a hunk, or when the
region is active (i.e. when there is a selection) several files or
hunks, or even just part of a hunk. The change or changes that these
commands - and many others - would act on are highlighted.
Magit also implements several other "apply variants" in addition to
staging and unstaging. One can discard or reverse a change, or apply it
to the working tree. Git’s own porcelain only supports this for staging
and unstaging and you would have to do something like ‘git diff ... |
??? | git apply ...’ to discard, revert, or apply a single hunk on the
command line. In fact that’s exactly what Magit does internally (which
is what lead to the term "apply variants").
Magit isn’t just for Git experts, but it does assume some prior
experience with Git as well as Emacs. That being said, many users have
reported that using Magit was what finally taught them what Git is
capable of and how to use it to its fullest. Other users wished they
had switched to Emacs sooner so that they would have gotten their hands
on Magit earlier.
While one has to know the basic features of Emacs to be able to make
full use of Magit, acquiring just enough Emacs skills doesn’t take long
and is worth it, even for users who prefer other editors. Vim users are
advised to give Evil (https://bitbucket.org/lyro/evil/wiki/Home), the
"Extensible VI Layer for Emacs", and Spacemacs
(https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs), an "Emacs starter-kit focused
on Evil" a try.
Magit provides a consistent and efficient Git porcelain. After a
short learning period, you will be able to perform most of your daily
version control tasks faster than you would on the command line. You
will likely also start using features that seemed too daunting in the
past.
Magit fully embraces Git. It exposes many advanced features using a
simple but flexible interface instead of only wrapping the trivial ones
like many GUI clients do. Of course Magit supports logging, cloning,
pushing, and other commands that usually don’t fail in spectacular ways;
but it also supports tasks that often cannot be completed in a single
step. Magit fully supports tasks such as merging, rebasing,
cherry-picking, reverting, and blaming by not only providing a command
to initiate these tasks but also by displaying context sensitive
information along the way and providing commands that are useful for
resolving conflicts and resuming the sequence after doing so.
Magit wraps and in many cases improves upon at least the following
Git porcelain commands: ‘add’, ‘am’, ‘bisect’, ‘blame’, ‘branch’,
‘checkout’, ‘cherry’, ‘cherry-pick’, ‘clean’, ‘clone’, ‘commit’,
‘config’, ‘describe’, ‘diff’, ‘fetch’, ‘format-patch’, ‘init’, ‘log’,
‘merge’, ‘merge-tree’, ‘mv’, ‘notes’, ‘pull’, ‘rebase’, ‘reflog’,
‘remote’, ‘request-pull’, ‘reset’, ‘revert’, ‘rm’, ‘show’, ‘stash’,
‘submodule’, ‘subtree’, ‘tag’, and ‘worktree.’ Many more Magit porcelain
commands are implemented on top of Git plumbing commands.

File: magit.info, Node: Installation, Next: Getting started, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 Installation
**************
Magit can be installed using Emacs’ package manager or manually from its
development repository.
* Menu:
* Updating from an older release::
* Installing from an Elpa archive::
* Installing from the Git repository::
* Post-installation tasks::

File: magit.info, Node: Updating from an older release, Next: Installing from an Elpa archive, Up: Installation
2.1 Updating from an older release
==================================
When updating from ‘1.2.*’ or ‘1.4.*’, you should first uninstall Magit
and some of its dependencies and restart Emacs before installing the
latest release.
• The old Magit installation has to be removed because some macros
have changed and using the old definitions when building the new
release would lead to very strange results, including compile
errors. This is due to a limitation in Emacs’ package manager or
rather Emacs itself: it’s not possible to reliably unload a feature
or even all features belonging to a package.
• Furthermore the old dependencies ‘git-commit-mode’ and
‘git-rebase-mode’ have to be removed because they are no longer
used by the ‘2.1.0’ release and later, and get in the way of their
successors ‘git-commit’ and ‘git-rebase’.
So please uninstall the packages ‘magit’, ‘git-commit-mode’, and
‘git-rebase-mode’. Then quit Emacs and start a new instance. Only then
follow the instructions in either one of the next two sections.
Also note that starting with the ‘2.1.0’ release, Magit requires at
least Emacs ‘24.4’ and Git ‘1.9.4’. You should make sure you have at
least these releases installed before updating Magit. And if you
connect to remote hosts using Tramp, then you should also make sure to
install a recent enough Git version on these hosts.

File: magit.info, Node: Installing from an Elpa archive, Next: Installing from the Git repository, Prev: Updating from an older release, Up: Installation
2.2 Installing from an Elpa archive
===================================
If you are updating from a release older than ‘2.1.0’, then you have to
first uninstall the old version. See *note Updating from an older
release: Updating from an older release.
Magit is available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable. If you haven’t used
Emacs’ package manager before, then it is high time you familiarize
yourself with it by reading the documentation in the Emacs manual, see
*note (emacs)Packages::. Then add one of the archives to
‘package-archives’:
• To use Melpa:
(require 'package)
(add-to-list 'package-archives
'("melpa" . "http://melpa.org/packages/") t)
• To use Melpa-Stable:
(require 'package)
(add-to-list 'package-archives
'("melpa-stable" . "http://stable.melpa.org/packages/") t)
Once you have added your preferred archive, you need to update the
local package list using:
M-x package-refresh-contents RET
Once you have done that, you can install Magit and its dependencies
using:
M-x package-install RET magit RET
Now see *note Post-installation tasks: Post-installation tasks.

File: magit.info, Node: Installing from the Git repository, Next: Post-installation tasks, Prev: Installing from an Elpa archive, Up: Installation
2.3 Installing from the Git repository
======================================
If you are updating from a release older than ‘2.1.0’, then you have to
first uninstall the old version. See *note Updating from an older
release: Updating from an older release.
Magit depends on the ‘dash’ and ‘with-editor’ library which are
available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable. Install them using ‘M-x
package-install RET <package> RET’. Of course you may also install them
manually from their development repository, but I won’t cover that here.
(An older release of Magit is also available from Marmalade, but no
new versions will be uploaded in the future. Marmalade’s maintainer has
stopped responding to requests from package maintainers who are having
difficulties or require him to create an account so that they can upload
their packages in the first place.)
Then clone the Magit repository:
$ git clone https://github.com/magit/magit.git ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit
$ cd ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit
Then compile the libraries and generate the info manuals:
$ make
If you haven’t installed ‘dash’ and ‘with-editor’ using Elpa or at
‘/path/to/magit/../<package>’, then you have to tell ‘make’ where to
find them. To do so create ‘/path/to/magit/config.mk’ with the
following content before running ‘make’:
LOAD_PATH = -L /path/to/magit/lisp
LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/dash
LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/with-editor
Finally add this to your init file:
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/lisp")
(require 'magit)
(with-eval-after-load 'info
(info-initialize)
(add-to-list 'Info-directory-list
"~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/Documentation/"))
Note that you have to add the ‘lisp’ subdirectory to the ‘load-path’,
not the top-level of the repository, and that elements of ‘load-path’
should not end with a slash, while those of ‘Info-directory-list’
should.
Instead of requiring the feature ‘magit’, you could load just the
autoload definitions, by loading the file ‘magit-autoloads.el’.
(load "/path/to/magit/lisp/magit-autoloads")
Instead of running Magit directly from the repository by adding that
to the ‘load-path’, you might want to instead install it in some other
directory using ‘sudo make install’ and setting ‘load-path’ accordingly.
To update Magit use:
$ git pull
$ make
At times it might be necessary to run ‘make clean all’ instead.
To view all available targets use ‘make help’.
Now see *note Post-installation tasks: Post-installation tasks.

File: magit.info, Node: Post-installation tasks, Prev: Installing from the Git repository, Up: Installation
2.4 Post-installation tasks
===========================
After installing Magit you should verify that you are indeed using the
Magit, Git, and Emacs releases you think you are using. It’s best to
restart Emacs before doing so, to make sure you are not using an
outdated value for ‘load-path’.
M-x magit-version RET
should display something like
Magit 2.8.0, Git 2.9.0, Emacs 24.5.1
Then you might also want to read about options that many users likely
want to customize. See *note Essential settings: Essential settings.
To be able to follow cross references to Git manpages found in this
manual, you might also have to manually install the ‘gitman’ info
manual, or advice ‘Info-follow-nearest-node’ to instead open the actual
manpage. See *note How to install the gitman info manual?: How to
install the gitman info manual?.
If you are completely new to Magit then see *note Getting started:
Getting started.
If you have used an older Magit release before, then you should have
a look at the release notes <https://github.com/magit/magit/releases>.
And last but not least please consider making a donation, to ensure
that I can keep working on Magit. See <http://magit.vc/donations.html>
for various donation options.

File: magit.info, Node: Getting started, Next: Interface concepts, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
3 Getting started
*****************
This section describes the most essential features that many Magitians
use on a daily basis. It only scratches the surface but should be
enough to get you started.
(You might want to create a repository just for this walk-through,
e.g. by cloning an existing repository. If you don’t use a separate
repository then make sure you create a snapshot as described below).
To display information about the current Git repository, type ‘M-x
magit-status’. You will be doing that so often that it is best to bind
this command globally:
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status)
Most Magit commands are commonly invoked from this buffer. It should
be considered the primary interface to interact with Git using Magit.
There are many other Magit buffers, but they are usually created from
this buffer.
Depending on what state your repository is in, this buffer will
contain sections titled "Staged changes", "Unstaged changes", "Unpulled
commits", "Unpushed commits", and/or some others.
If some staged and/or unstaged changes exist, you should back them up
now. Type ‘z’ to show the stashing popup buffer featuring various stash
variants and arguments that can be passed to these commands. Do not
worry about those for now, just type ‘Z’ (uppercase) to create a stash
while also keeping the index and work tree intact. The status buffer
should now also contain a section titled "Stashes".
Otherwise, if there are no uncommitted changes, you should create
some now by editing and saving some of the tracked files. Then go back
to the status buffer, while at the same time refreshing it, by typing
‘C-x g’. (When the status buffer, or any Magit buffer for that matter,
is the current buffer, then you can also use just ‘g’ to refresh it).
Move between sections using ‘p’ and ‘n’. Note that the bodies of
some sections are hidden. Type ‘TAB’ to expand or collapse the section
at point. You can also use ‘C-tab’ to cycle the visibility of the
current section and its children. Move to a file section inside the
section named "Unstaged changes" and type ‘s’ to stage the changes you
have made to that file. That file now appears under "Staged changes".
Magit can stage and unstage individual hunks, not just complete
files. Move to the file you have just staged, expand it using ‘TAB’,
move to one of the hunks using ‘n’, and unstage just that by typing ‘u’.
Note how the staging (‘s’) and unstaging (‘u’) commands operate on the
change at point. Many other commands behave the same way.
You can also un-/stage just part of a hunk. Inside the body of a
hunk section (move there using ‘C-n’), set the mark using ‘C-SPC’ and
move down until some added and removed lines fall inside the region but
not all of them. Again type ‘s’ to stage.
It’s also possible to un-/stage multiple files at once. Move to a
file section, type ‘C-SPC’, move to the next file using ‘n’, and then
‘s’ to stage both files. Note that both the mark and point have to be
on the headings of sibling sections for this to work. If the region
looks like it does in other buffers, then it doesn’t select Magit
sections that can be acted on as a unit.
And then of course you want to commit your changes. Type ‘c’. This
shows the committing popup buffer featuring various commit variants and
arguments that can be passed to ‘git commit’. Do not worry about those
for now. We want to create a "normal" commit, which is done by typing
‘c’ again.
Now two new buffers appear. One is for writing the commit message,
the other shows a diff with the changes that are about to committed.
Write a message and then type ‘C-c C-c’ to actually create the commit.
You probably don’t want to push the commit you just created because
you just committed some random changes, but if that is not the case you
could push it by typing ‘P’ to bring up the push popup and then ‘u’ to
push to the configured upstream. (If the upstream is not configured,
then you would be prompted for the push target instead.)
Instead we are going to undo the changes made so far. Bring up the
log for the current branch by typing ‘l l’, move to the last commit
created before starting with this walk through using ‘n’, and do a hard
reset using ‘C-u x’. *WARNING*: this discards all uncommitted changes.
If you did not follow the advice about using a separate repository for
these experiments and did not create a snapshot of uncommitted changes
before starting to try out Magit, then don’t do this.
So far we have mentioned the commit, push, and log popups. These are
probably among the popups you will be using the most, but many others
exist. To show a popup with all other popups (as well as the various
apply commands), type ‘h’. Try a few.
The key bindings in that popup correspond to the bindings in Magit
buffers, including but not limited to the status buffer. So you could
type ‘h d’ to bring up the diff popup, but once you remember that "d"
stands for "diff", you would usually do so by just typing ‘d’. But the
"popup of popups" is useful even once you have memorized all the
bindings, as it can provide easy access to Magit commands from non-Magit
buffers. So you should bind this globally too:
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x M-g") 'magit-dispatch-popup)
You might also want to enable ‘global-magit-file-mode’ (see *note
Minor mode for buffers visiting files: Minor mode for buffers visiting
files.).

File: magit.info, Node: Interface concepts, Next: Inspecting, Prev: Getting started, Up: Top
4 Interface concepts
********************
* Menu:
* Modes and Buffers::
* Sections::
* Popup buffers and prefix commands::
* Completion and confirmation::
* Running Git::

File: magit.info, Node: Modes and Buffers, Next: Sections, Up: Interface concepts
4.1 Modes and Buffers
=====================
Magit provides several major-modes. For each of these modes there
usually exists only one buffer per repository. Separate modes and thus
buffers exist for commits, diffs, logs, and some other things.
Besides these special purpose buffers, there also exists an overview
buffer, called the *status buffer*. Its usually from this buffer that
the user invokes Git commands, or creates or visits other buffers.
In this manual we often speak about "Magit buffers". By that we mean
buffers whose major-modes derive from ‘magit-mode’.
‘M-x magit-toggle-buffer-lock’ (‘magit-toggle-buffer-lock’)
This command locks the current buffer to its value or if the buffer
is already locked, then it unlocks it.
Locking a buffer to its value prevents it from being reused to
display another value. The name of a locked buffer contains its
value, which allows telling it apart from other locked buffers and
the unlocked buffer.
Not all Magit buffers can be locked to their values, for example it
wouldn’t make sense to lock a status buffer.
There can only be a single unlocked buffer using a certain
major-mode per repository. So when a buffer is being unlocked and
another unlocked buffer already exists for that mode and
repository, then the former buffer is instead deleted and the
latter is displayed in its place.
* Menu:
* Switching Buffers::
* Naming Buffers::
* Quitting Windows::
* Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers::
* Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers::
* Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers::

File: magit.info, Node: Switching Buffers, Next: Naming Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.1 Switching Buffers
-----------------------
-- Function: magit-display-buffer buffer
This function is a wrapper around ‘display-buffer’ and is used to
display any Magit buffer. It displays BUFFER in some window and,
unlike ‘display-buffer’, also selects that window, provided
‘magit-display-buffer-noselect’ is ‘nil’. It also runs the hooks
mentioned below.
-- Variable: magit-display-buffer-noselect
When this is non-nil, then ‘magit-display-buffer’ only displays the
buffer but forgoes also selecting the window. This variable should
not be set globally, it is only intended to be let-bound, by code
that automatically updates "the other window". This is used for
example when the revision buffer is updated when you move inside
the log buffer.
-- User Option: magit-display-buffer-function
The function specified here is called by ‘magit-display-buffer’
with one argument, a buffer, to actually display that buffer. This
function should call ‘display-buffer’ with that buffer as first and
a list of display actions as second argument.
Magit provides several functions, listed below, that are suitable
values for this option. If you want to use different rules, then a
good way of doing that is to start with a copy of one of these
functions and then adjust it to your needs.
Instead of using a wrapper around ‘display-buffer’, that function
itself can be used here, in which case the display actions have to
be specified by adding them to ‘display-buffer-alist’ instead.
To learn about display actions, see *note (elisp)Choosing a Window
for Display::.
-- Function: magit-display-buffer-traditional buffer
This function is the current default value of the option
‘magit-display-buffer-function’. Before that option and this
function were added, the behavior was hard-coded in many places all
over the code base but now all the rules are contained in this one
function (except for the "noselect" special case mentioned above).
-- Function: magit-display-buffer-same-window-except-diff-v1
This function displays most buffers in the currently selected
window. If a buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-diff-mode’ or
‘magit-process-mode’, it is displayed in another window.
-- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1
This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status
buffer. Otherwise, it behaves like
‘magit-display-buffer-traditional’.
-- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-topleft-v1
This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status
buffer. It behaves like ‘magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1’
except that it displays buffers that derive from ‘magit-diff-mode’
or ‘magit-process-mode’ to the top or left of the current buffer
rather than to the bottom or right. As a result, Magit buffers
tend to pop up on the same side as they would if
‘magit-display-buffer-traditional’ were in use.
-- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullcolumn-most-v1
This function displays most buffers so that they fill the entire
height of the frame. However, the buffer is displayed in another
window if 1) the buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-process-mode’,
or 2) the buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-diff-mode’, provided
that the mode of the current buffer derives from ‘magit-log-mode’
or ‘magit-cherry-mode’.
-- User Option: magit-pre-display-buffer-hook
This hook is run by ‘magit-display-buffer’ before displaying the
buffer.
-- Function: magit-save-window-configuration
This function saves the current window configuration. Later when
the buffer is buried, it may be restored by
‘magit-restore-window-configuration’.
-- User Option: magit-post-display-buffer-hook
This hook is run by ‘magit-display-buffer’ after displaying the
buffer.
-- Function: magit-maybe-set-dedicated
This function remembers if a new window had to be created to
display the buffer, or whether an existing window was reused. This
information is later used by ‘magit-mode-quit-window’, to determine
whether the window should be deleted when its last Magit buffer is
buried.

File: magit.info, Node: Naming Buffers, Next: Quitting Windows, Prev: Switching Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.2 Naming Buffers
--------------------
-- User Option: magit-generate-buffer-name-function
The function used to generate the names of Magit buffers.
Such a function should take the options
‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ as well as ‘magit-buffer-name-format’
into account. If it doesn’t, then should be clearly stated in the
doc-string. And if it supports %-sequences beyond those mentioned
in the doc-string of the option ‘magit-buffer-name-format’, then
its own doc-string should describe the additions.
-- Function: magit-generate-buffer-name-default-function mode
This function returns a buffer name suitable for a buffer whose
major-mode is MODE and which shows information about the repository
in which ‘default-directory’ is located.
This function uses ‘magit-buffer-name-format’ and supporting all of
the %-sequences mentioned the documentation of that option. It
also respects the option ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’.
-- User Option: magit-buffer-name-format
The format string used to name Magit buffers.
At least the following %-sequences are supported:
• ‘%m’
The name of the major-mode, but with the ‘-mode’ suffix
removed.
• ‘%M’
Like ‘%m’ but abbreviate ‘magit-status-mode’ as ‘magit’.
• ‘%v’
The value the buffer is locked to, in parentheses, or an empty
string if the buffer is not locked to a value.
• ‘%V’
Like ‘%v’, but the string is prefixed with a space, unless it
is an empty string.
• ‘%t’
The top-level directory of the working tree of the repository,
or if ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is non-nil an abbreviation
of that.
The value should always contain either ‘%m’ or ‘%M’, ‘%v’ or ‘%V’,
and ‘%t’. If ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is non-nil, then the
value must end with ‘%t’.
-- User Option: magit-uniquify-buffer-names
This option controls whether the names of Magit buffers are
uniquified. If the names are not being uniquified, then they
contain the full path of the top-level of the working tree of the
corresponding repository. If they are being uniquified, then they
end with the basename of the top-level, or if that would conflict
with the name used for other buffers, then the names of all these
buffers are adjusted until they no longer conflict.
This is done using the ‘uniquify’ package; customize its options to
control how buffer names are uniquified.

File: magit.info, Node: Quitting Windows, Next: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Prev: Naming Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.3 Quitting Windows
----------------------
‘q’ (‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’)
This command buries the current Magit buffer. With a prefix
argument, it instead kills the buffer.
-- User Option: magit-bury-buffer-function
The function used to actually bury or kill the current buffer.
‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’ calls this function with one argument. If
the argument is non-nil, then the function has to kill the current
buffer. Otherwise it has to bury it alive. The default value
currently is ‘magit-restore-window-configuration’.
-- Function: magit-restore-window-configuration kill-buffer
Bury or kill the current buffer using ‘quit-window’, which is
called with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second
argument.
Then restore the window configuration that existed right before the
current buffer was displayed in the selected frame. Unfortunately
that also means that point gets adjusted in all the buffers, which
are being displayed in the selected frame.
-- Function: magit-mode-quit-window kill-buffer
Bury or kill the current buffer using ‘quit-window’, which is
called with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second
argument.
Then, if the window was originally created to display a Magit
buffer and the buried buffer was the last remaining Magit buffer
that was ever displayed in the window, then that is deleted.

File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Next: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Quitting Windows, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.4 Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers
-------------------------------------------
After running a command which may change the state of the current
repository, the current Magit buffer and the corresponding status buffer
are refreshed. The status buffer may optionally be automatically
refreshed whenever a buffer is saved to a file inside the respective
repository.
Automatically refreshing Magit buffers ensures that the displayed
information is up-to-date most of the time but can lead to a noticeable
delay in big repositories. Other Magit buffers are not refreshed to
keep the delay to a minimum and also because doing so can sometimes be
undesirable.
Buffers can also be refreshed explicitly, which is useful in buffers
that weren’t current during the last refresh and after changes were made
to the repository outside of Magit.
‘g’ (‘magit-refresh’)
This command refreshes the current buffer if its major mode derives
from ‘magit-mode’ as well as the corresponding status buffer.
If the option ‘magit-revert-buffers’ calls for it, then it also
reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files being tracked in
the current repository.
‘G’ (‘magit-refresh-all’)
This command refreshes all Magit buffers belonging to the current
repository and also reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files
being tracked in the current repository.
The file-visiting buffers are always reverted, even if
‘magit-revert-buffers’ is nil.
-- User Option: magit-refresh-buffer-hook
This hook is run in each Magit buffer that was refreshed during the
current refresh - normally the current buffer and the status
buffer.
-- User Option: magit-refresh-status-buffer
When this option is non-nil, then the status buffer is
automatically refreshed after running git for side-effects, in
addition to the current Magit buffer, which is always refreshed
automatically.
Only set this to nil after exhausting all other options to improve
performance.
-- Function: magit-after-save-refresh-status
This function is intended to be added to ‘after-save-hook’. After
doing that the corresponding status buffer is refreshed whenever a
buffer is saved to a file inside a repository.
Note that refreshing a Magit buffer is done by re-creating its
contents from scratch, which can be slow in large repositories. If
you are not satisfied with Magit’s performance, then you should
obviously not add this function to that hook.

File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Next: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.5 Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers
-----------------------------------------------
File-visiting buffers are by default saved at certain points in time.
This doesn’t guarantee that Magit buffers are always up-to-date, but,
provided one only edits files by editing them in Emacs and uses only
Magit to interact with Git, one can be fairly confident. When in doubt
or after outside changes, type ‘g’ (‘magit-refresh’) to save and refresh
explicitly.
-- User Option: magit-save-repository-buffers
This option controls whether file-visiting buffers are saved before
certain events.
If this is non-nil then all modified file-visiting buffers
belonging to the current repository may be saved before running
commands, before creating new Magit buffers, and before explicitly
refreshing such buffers. If this is ‘dontask’ then this is done
without user intervention. If it is ‘t’ then the user has to
confirm each save.

File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers
4.1.6 Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers
--------------------------------------------------
By default Magit automatically reverts buffers that are visiting files
that are being tracked in a Git repository, after they have changed on
disk. When using Magit one often changes files on disk by running git,
i.e. "outside Emacs", making this a rather important feature.
For example, if you discard a change in the status buffer, then that
is done by running ‘git apply --reverse ...’, and Emacs considers the
file to have "changed on disk". If Magit did not automatically revert
the buffer, then you would have to type ‘M-x revert-buffer RET RET’ in
the visiting buffer before you could continue making changes.
-- User Option: magit-auto-revert-mode
When this mode is enabled, then buffers that visit tracked files,
are automatically reverted after the visited files changed on disk.
-- User Option: global-auto-revert-mode
When this mode is enabled, then any file-visiting buffer is
automatically reverted after the visited file changed on disk.
If you like buffers that visit tracked files to be automatically
reverted, then you might also like any buffer to be reverted, not
just those visiting tracked files. If that is the case, then
enable this mode _instead of_ ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’.
-- User Option: magit-auto-revert-immediately
This option controls whether Magit reverts buffers immediately.
If this is non-nil and either ‘global-auto-revert-mode’ or
‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ is enabled, then Magit immediately reverts
buffers by explicitly calling ‘auto-revert-buffers’ after running
git for side-effects.
If ‘auto-revert-use-notify’ is non-nil (and file notifications are
actually supported), then ‘magit-auto-revert-immediately’ does not
have to be non-nil, because the reverts happen immediately anyway.
If ‘magit-auto-revert-immediately’ and ‘auto-revert-use-notify’ are
both ‘nil’, then reverts happen after ‘auto-revert-interval’
seconds of user inactivity. That is not desirable.
-- User Option: auto-revert-use-notify
This option controls whether file notification functions should be
used. Note that this variable unfortunately defaults to ‘t’ even
on systems on which file notifications cannot be used.
-- User Option: magit-auto-revert-tracked-only
This option controls whether ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ only reverts
tracked files or all files that are located inside Git
repositories, including untracked files and files located inside
Git’s control directory.
-- Command: auto-revert-mode
The global mode ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ works by turning on this
local mode in the appropriate buffers (but
‘global-auto-revert-mode’ is implemented differently). You can
also turn it on or off manually, which might be necessary if Magit
does not notice that a previously untracked file now is being
tracked or vice-versa.
-- User Option: auto-revert-stop-on-user-input
This option controls whether the arrival of user input suspends the
automatic reverts for ‘auto-revert-interval’ seconds.
-- User Option: auto-revert-interval
This option controls for how many seconds Emacs waits before
resuming suspended reverts.
-- User Option: auto-revert-buffer-list-filter
This option specifies an additional filter used by
‘auto-revert-buffers’ to determine whether a buffer should be
reverted or not.
This option is provided by ‘magit’, which also redefines
‘auto-revert-buffers’ to respect it. Magit users who do not turn
on the local mode ‘auto-revert-mode’ themselves, are best served by
setting the value to ‘magit-auto-revert-repository-buffers-p’.
However the default is nil, to not disturb users who do use the
local mode directly. If you experience delays when running Magit
commands, then you should consider using one of the predicates
provided by Magit - especially if you also use Tramp.
Users who do turn on ‘auto-revert-mode’ in buffers in which Magit
doesn’t do that for them, should likely not use any filter. Users
who turn on ‘global-auto-revert-mode’, do not have to worry about
this option, because it is disregarded if the global mode is
enabled.
-- User Option: auto-revert-verbose
This option controls whether Emacs reports when a buffer has been
reverted.
The options with the ‘auto-revert-’ prefix are located in the Custom
group named ‘auto-revert’. The other, magit-specific, options are
located in the ‘magit’ group.
* Menu:
* Risk of Reverting Automatically::

File: magit.info, Node: Risk of Reverting Automatically, Up: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers
Risk of Reverting Automatically
...............................
For the vast majority users automatically reverting file-visiting
buffers after they have changed on disk is harmless.
If a buffer is modified (i.e. it contains changes that haven’t been
saved yet), then Emacs would refuse to automatically revert it. If you
save a previously modified buffer, then that results in what is seen by
Git as an uncommitted change. Git would then refuse to carry out any
commands that would cause these changes to be lost. In other words, if
there is anything that could be lost, then either Git or Emacs would
refuse to discard the changes.
However if you do use file-visiting buffers as a sort of ad hoc
"staging area", then the automatic reverts could potentially cause data
loss. So far I have only heard from one user who uses such a workflow.
An example: You visit some file in a buffer, edit it, and save the
changes. Then, outside of Emacs (or at least not using Magit or by
saving the buffer) you change the file on disk again. At this point the
buffer is the only place where the intermediate version still exists.
You have saved the changes to disk, but that has since been overwritten.
Meanwhile Emacs considers the buffer to be unmodified (because you have
not made any changes to it since you last saved it to the visited file)
and therefore would not object to it being automatically reverted. At
this point an Auto-Revert mode would kick in. It would check whether
the buffer is modified and since that is not the case it would revert
it. The intermediate version would be lost. (Actually you could still
get it back using the ‘undo’ command.)
If your workflow depends on Emacs preserving the intermediate version
in the buffer, then you have to disable all Auto-Revert modes. But
please consider that such a workflow would be dangerous even without
using an Auto-Revert mode, and should therefore be avoided. If Emacs
crashed or if you quit Emacs by mistake, then you would also lose the
buffer content. There would be no autosave file still containing the
intermediate version (because that was deleted when you saved the
buffer) and you would not be asked whether you want to save the buffer
(because it isn’t modified).

File: magit.info, Node: Sections, Next: Popup buffers and prefix commands, Prev: Modes and Buffers, Up: Interface concepts
4.2 Sections
============
Magit buffers are organized into nested sections, which can be collapsed
and expanded, similar to how sections are handled in Org mode. Each
section also has a type, and some sections also have a value. For each
section type there can also be a local keymap, shared by all sections of
that type.
Taking advantage of the section value and type, many commands operate
on the current section, or when the region is active and selects
sections of the same type, all of the selected sections. Commands that
only make sense for a particular section type (as opposed to just
behaving differently depending on the type) are usually bound in section
type keymaps.
* Menu:
* Section movement::
* Section visibility::
* Section hooks::
* Section types and values::
* Section options::

File: magit.info, Node: Section movement, Next: Section visibility, Up: Sections
4.2.1 Section movement
----------------------
To move within a section use the usual keys (‘C-p’, ‘C-n’, ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’
etc), whose global bindings are not shadowed. To move to another
section use the following commands.
‘p’ (‘magit-section-backward’)
When not at the beginning of a section, then move to the beginning
of the current section. At the beginning of a section, instead
move to the beginning of the previous visible section.
‘n’ (‘magit-section-forward’)
Move to the beginning of the next visible section.
‘M-p’ (‘magit-section-backward-siblings’)
Move to the beginning of the previous sibling section. If there is
no previous sibling section, then move to the parent section
instead.
‘M-n’ (‘magit-section-forward-siblings’)
Move to the beginning of the next sibling section. If there is no
next sibling section, then move to the parent section instead.
‘^’ (‘magit-section-up’)
Move to the beginning of the parent of the current section.
The above commands all call the hook ‘magit-section-movement-hook’.
And, except for the second, the below functions are all members of that
hook’s default value.
-- Variable: magit-section-movement-hook
This hook is run by all of the above movement commands, after
arriving at the destination.
-- Function: magit-hunk-set-window-start
This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current
section is visible, provided it is a ‘hunk’ section. Otherwise, it
does nothing.
-- Function: magit-section-set-window-start
This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current
section is visible, regardless of the section’s type. If you add
this to ‘magit-section-movement-hook’, then you must remove the
hunk-only variant in turn.
-- Function: magit-log-maybe-show-more-commits
This hook function only has an effect in log buffers, and ‘point’
is on the "show more" section. If that is the case, then it
doubles the number of commits that are being shown.
-- Function: magit-log-maybe-update-revision-buffer
When moving inside a log buffer, then this function updates the
revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another
window of the same frame.
-- Function: magit-log-maybe-update-blob-buffer
When moving inside a log buffer and another window of the same
frame displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays
the blob buffer for the commit at point in that window.
-- Function: magit-status-maybe-update-revision-buffer
When moving inside a status buffer, then this function updates the
revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another
window of the same frame.
-- Function: magit-status-maybe-update-blob-buffer
When moving inside a status buffer and another window of the same
frame displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays
the blob buffer for the commit at point in that window.
-- User Option: magit-update-other-window-delay
Delay before automatically updating the other window.
When moving around in certain buffers certain other buffers, which
are being displayed in another window, may optionally be updated to
display information about the section at point.
When holding down a key to move by more than just one section, then
that would update that buffer for each section on the way. To
prevent that, updating the revision buffer is delayed, and this
option controls for how long. For optimal experience you might
have to adjust this delay and/or the keyboard repeat rate and delay
of your graphical environment or operating system.

File: magit.info, Node: Section visibility, Next: Section hooks, Prev: Section movement, Up: Sections
4.2.2 Section visibility
------------------------
Magit provides many commands for changing the visibility of sections,
but all you need to get started are the next two.
‘TAB’ (‘magit-section-toggle’)
Toggle the visibility of the body of the current section.
‘C-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle’)
Cycle the visibility of current section and its children.
‘M-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle-diffs’)
Cycle the visibility of diff-related sections in the current
buffer.
‘S-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle-global’)
Cycle the visibility of all sections in the current buffer.
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-1
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-2
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-3
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-4
To show sections surrounding the current section, up to level N,
press the respective number key (‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, or ‘4’).
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-1-all
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-2-all
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-3-all
-- Command: magit-section-show-level-4-all
To show all sections up to level N, press the respective number key
and meta (‘M-1’, ‘M-2’, ‘M-3’, or ‘M-4’).
Some functions, which are used to implement the above commands, are
also exposed as commands themselves. By default no keys are bound to
these commands, as they are generally perceived to be much less useful.
But your mileage may vary.
-- Command: magit-section-show
Show the body of the current section.
-- Command: magit-section-hide
Hide the body of the current section.
-- Command: magit-section-show-headings
Recursively show headings of children of the current section. Only
show the headings. Previously shown text-only bodies are hidden.
-- Command: magit-section-show-children
Recursively show the bodies of children of the current section.
With a prefix argument show children down to the level of the
current section, and hide deeper children.
-- Command: magit-section-hide-children
Recursively hide the bodies of children of the current section.
-- Command: magit-section-toggle-children
Toggle visibility of bodies of children of the current section.
When a buffer is first created then some sections are shown expanded
while others are not. This is hard coded. When a buffer is refreshed
then the previous visibility is preserved. The initial visibility of
certain sections can also be overwritten using the hook
‘magit-section-set-visibility-hook’.
-- Variable: magit-section-set-visibility-hook
This hook is run when first creating a buffer and also when
refreshing an existing buffer, and is used to determine the
visibility of the section currently being inserted.
Each function is called with one argument, the section being
inserted. It should return ‘hide’ or ‘show’, or to leave the
visibility undefined ‘nil’. If no function decides on the
visibility and the buffer is being refreshed, then the visibility
is preserved; or if the buffer is being created, then the hard
coded default is used.
Usually this should only be used to set the initial visibility but
not during refreshes. If ‘magit-insert-section--oldroot’ is
non-nil, then the buffer is being refreshed and these functions
should immediately return ‘nil’.

File: magit.info, Node: Section hooks, Next: Section types and values, Prev: Section visibility, Up: Sections
4.2.3 Section hooks
-------------------
Which sections are inserted into certain buffers is controlled with
hooks. This includes the status and the refs buffers. For other
buffers, e.g. log, diff, and revision buffers, this is not possible.
For buffers whose sections can be customized by the user, a hook
variable called ‘magit-TYPE-sections-hook’ exists. This hook should be
changed using ‘magit-add-section-hook’. Avoid using ‘add-hooks’ or the
Custom interface.
The various available section hook variables are described later in
this manual along with the appropriate "section inserter functions".
-- Function: magit-add-section-hook hook function &optional at append
local
Add the function FUNCTION to the value of section hook HOOK.
Add FUNCTION at the beginning of the hook list unless optional
APPEND is non-nil, in which case FUNCTION is added at the end. If
FUNCTION already is a member then move it to the new location.
If optional AT is non-nil and a member of the hook list, then add
FUNCTION next to that instead. Add before or after AT, or replace
AT with FUNCTION depending on APPEND. If APPEND is the symbol
‘replace’, then replace AT with FUNCTION. For any other non-nil
value place FUNCTION right after AT. If nil, then place FUNCTION
right before AT. If FUNCTION already is a member of the list but AT
is not, then leave FUNCTION where ever it already is.
If optional LOCAL is non-nil, then modify the hook’s buffer-local
value rather than its global value. This makes the hook local by
copying the default value. That copy is then modified.
HOOK should be a symbol. If HOOK is void, it is first set to nil.
HOOK’s value must not be a single hook function. FUNCTION should
be a function that takes no arguments and inserts one or multiple
sections at point, moving point forward. FUNCTION may choose not
to insert its section(s), when doing so would not make sense. It
should not be abused for other side-effects.
To remove a function from a section hook, use ‘remove-hook’.

File: magit.info, Node: Section types and values, Next: Section options, Prev: Section hooks, Up: Sections
4.2.4 Section types and values
------------------------------
Each section has a type, for example ‘hunk’, ‘file’, and ‘commit’.
Instances of certain section types also have a value. The value of a
section of type ‘file’, for example, is a file name.
Users usually do not have to worry about a section’s type and value,
but knowing them can be handy at times.
‘M-x magit-describe-section’ (‘magit-describe-section’)
Show information about the section at point in the echo area, as
"VALUE [TYPE PARENT-TYPE…] BEGINNING-END".
Many commands behave differently depending on the type of the section
at point and/or somehow consume the value of that section. But that is
only one of the reasons why the same key may do something different,
depending on what section is current.
Additionally for each section type a keymap *might* be defined, named
‘magit-TYPE-section-map’. That keymap is used as text property keymap
of all text belonging to any section of the respective type. If such a
map does not exist for a certain type, then you can define it yourself,
and it will automatically be used.

File: magit.info, Node: Section options, Prev: Section types and values, Up: Sections
4.2.5 Section options
---------------------
This section describes options that have an effect on more than just a
certain type of sections. As you can see there are not many of those.
-- User Option: magit-section-show-child-count
Whether to append the number of children to section headings. This
only affects sections that could benefit from this information.

File: magit.info, Node: Popup buffers and prefix commands, Next: Completion and confirmation, Prev: Sections, Up: Interface concepts
4.3 Popup buffers and prefix commands
=====================================
Many Magit commands are implemented using *popup buffers*. First the
user invokes a *popup* or *prefix* command, which causes a popup buffer
with the available *infix* arguments and *suffix* commands to be
displayed. The user then optionally toggles/sets some arguments and
finally invokes one of the suffix commands.
This is implemented in the library ‘magit-popup’. Earlier releases
used the library ‘magit-key-mode’. A future release will switch to a
yet-to-be-written successor, which will likely be named ‘transient’.
Because ‘magit-popup’ can also be used by other packages without
having to depend on all of Magit, it is documented in its own manual.
See *note (magit-popup)Top::.
‘C-c C-c’ (‘magit-dispatch-popup’)
This popup command shows a buffer featuring all other Magit popup
commands as well as some other commands that are not popup commands
themselves.
This command is also, or especially, useful outside Magit buffers, so
you should setup a global binding:
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x M-g") 'magit-dispatch-popup)

File: magit.info, Node: Completion and confirmation, Next: Running Git, Prev: Popup buffers and prefix commands, Up: Interface concepts
4.4 Completion and confirmation
===============================
Many commands read a value from the user. By default this is done using
the built-in function ‘completing-read’, but Magit can instead use
another completion framework.
-- User Option: magit-completing-read-function
The value of this variable is the function used to perform
completion. Because functions _intended_ to replace
‘completing-read’ often are not fully compatible drop-in
replacements, and also because Magit expects them to add the
default choice to the prompt themselves, such functions should not
be used directly. Instead a wrapper function has to be used.
Currently only the real ‘completing-read’ and Ido
(http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/InteractivelyDoThings) are fully
supported. More frameworks will be supported in the future.
-- Function: magit-builtin-completing-read prompt choices &optional
predicate require-match initial-input hist def
Perform completion using ‘completion-read’.
-- Function: magit-ido-completing-read prompt choices &optional
predicate require-match initial-input hist def
Perform completion using ‘ido-completing-read+’ from the package by
the same name (which you have to explicitly install). Ido itself
comes with a supposed drop-in replacement ‘ido-completing-read’,
but that has too many deficits to serve our needs.
By default many commands that could potentially lead to data loss
have to be confirmed. This includes many very common commands, so this
can become annoying quickly. Many of these actions can be undone,
provided ‘magit-wip-before-change-mode’ is turned on (which it is not by
default, due to performance concerns).
-- User Option: magit-no-confirm
The value of this option is a list of symbols, representing
commands which do not have to be confirmed by the user before being
carried out.
When the global mode ‘magit-wip-before-change-mode’ is enabled then
many commands can be undone. If that mode is enabled then adding
‘safe-with-wip’ to this list has the same effect as adding
‘discard’, ‘reverse’, ‘stage-all-changes’, and
‘unstage-all-changes’.
(add-to-list 'magit-no-confirm 'safe-with-wip)
For a list of all symbols that can be added to the value of this
variable, see the doc-string.
Note that there are commands that ignore this option and always
require confirmation, or which can be told not to do so using another
dedicated option. Also most commands, when acting on multiple sections
at once always, require confirmation, even when they do respect this
option when acting on a single section.

File: magit.info, Node: Running Git, Prev: Completion and confirmation, Up: Interface concepts
4.5 Running Git
===============
* Menu:
* Viewing Git output::
* Running Git manually::
* Git executable::
* Global Git arguments::

File: magit.info, Node: Viewing Git output, Next: Running Git manually, Up: Running Git
4.5.1 Viewing Git output
------------------------
Magit runs Git either for side-effects (e.g. when pushing) or to get
some value (e.g. the name of the current branch). When Git is run for
side-effects then the output goes into a per-repository log buffer,
which can be consulted when things don’t go as expected.
‘$’ (‘magit-process’)
This commands displays the process buffer for the current
repository.
Inside that buffer, the usual key bindings for navigating and showing
sections are available. There is one additional command.
‘k’ (‘magit-process-kill’)
This command kills the process represented by the section at point.
-- User Option: magit-git-debug
When this is non-nil then the output of all calls to git are logged
in the process buffer. This is useful when debugging, otherwise it
just negatively affects performance.

File: magit.info, Node: Running Git manually, Next: Git executable, Prev: Viewing Git output, Up: Running Git
4.5.2 Running Git manually
--------------------------
While Magit provides many Emacs commands to interact with Git, it does
not cover everything. In those cases your existing Git knowledge will
come in handy. Magit provides some commands for running arbitrary Git
commands by typing them into the minibuffer, instead of having to switch
to a shell.
‘!’ (‘magit-run-popup’)
Shows the popup buffer featuring the below suffix commands.
These suffix commands run a Git subcommand. The user input has to
begin with the subcommand, "git" is assumed.
‘! !’ (‘magit-git-command-topdir’)
This command reads a Git subcommand from the user and executes it
in the top-level directory of the current repository.
‘! p’ (‘magit-git-command’)
This command reads a Git subcommand from the user and executes it
in ‘default-directory’. With a prefix argument the command is
executed in the top-level directory of the current repository
instead.
These suffix commands run arbitrary shell commands.
‘! s’ (‘magit-shell-command-topdir’)
This command reads a shell command from the user and executes it in
the top-level directory of the current repository.
‘! S’ (‘magit-shell-command’)
This command reads a shell command from the user and executes it in
‘default-directory’. With a prefix argument the command is
executed in the top-level directory of the current repository
instead.
These suffix commands start external gui tools.
‘! k’ (‘magit-run-gitk’)
This command runs ‘gitk’ in the current repository.
‘! a’ (‘magit-run-gitk-all’)
This command runs ‘gitk --all’ in the current repository.
‘! b’ (‘magit-run-gitk-branches’)
This command runs ‘gitk --branches’ in the current repository.
‘! g’ (‘magit-run-git-gui’)
This command runs ‘git gui’ in the current repository.

File: magit.info, Node: Git executable, Next: Global Git arguments, Prev: Running Git manually, Up: Running Git
4.5.3 Git executable
--------------------
Except on MS Windows, Magit defaults to running Git without specifying
the path to the git executable. Instead the first executable found by
Emacs on ‘exec-path’ is used (whose value in turn is set based on the
value of the environment variable ‘$PATH’ when Emacs was started).
This has the advantage that it continues to work even when using
Tramp to connect to a remote machine on which the executable is found in
a different place. The downside is that if you have multiple versions
of Git installed, then you might end up using another version than the
one you think you are using.
‘M-x magit-version’ (‘magit-version’)
Shows the currently used versions of Magit, Git, and Emacs in the
echo area. Non-interactively this just returns the Magit version.
When the ‘system-type’ is ‘windows-nt’, then ‘magit-git-executable’
is set to an absolute path when Magit is first loaded. This is
necessary because Git on that platform comes with several wrapper
scripts for the actual git binary, which are also placed on ‘$PATH’, and
using one of these wrappers instead of the binary would degrade
performance horribly.
If Magit doesn’t find the correct executable then you *can* work
around that by setting ‘magit-git-executable’ to an absolute path. But
note that doing so is a kludge. It is better to make sure the order in
the environment variable ‘$PATH’ is correct, and that Emacs is started
with that environment in effect. If you have to connect from Windows to
a non-Windows machine, then you must change the value to "git".
-- User Option: magit-git-executable
The git executable used by Magit, either the full path to the
executable or the string "git" to let Emacs find the executable
itself, using the standard mechanism for doing such things.

File: magit.info, Node: Global Git arguments, Prev: Git executable, Up: Running Git
4.5.4 Global Git arguments
--------------------------
-- User Option: magit-git-global-arguments
The arguments set here are used every time the git executable is
run as a subprocess. They are placed right after the executable
itself and before the git command - as in ‘git HERE... COMMAND
REST’. For valid arguments see *note (gitman)git:: .
Be careful what you add here, especially if you are using Tramp to
connect to servers with ancient Git versions. Never remove
anything that is part of the default value, unless you really know
what you are doing. And think very hard before adding something;
it will be used every time Magit runs Git for any purpose.

File: magit.info, Node: Inspecting, Next: Manipulating, Prev: Interface concepts, Up: Top
5 Inspecting
************
The functionality provided by Magit can be roughly divided into three
groups: inspecting existing data, manipulating existing data or adding
new data, and transferring data. Of course that is a rather crude
distinction that often falls short, but it’s more useful than no
distinction at all. This section is concerned with inspecting data, the
next two with manipulating and transferring it. Then follows a section
about miscellaneous functionality, which cannot easily be fit into this
distinction.
Of course other distinctions make sense too, e.g. Git’s distinction
between porcelain and plumbing commands, which for the most part is
equivalent to Emacs’ distinction between interactive commands and
non-interactive functions. All of the sections mentioned before are
mainly concerned with the porcelain – Magit’s plumbing layer is
described later.
* Menu:
* Status buffer::
* Repository list::
* Logging::
* Diffing::
* Ediffing::
* References buffer::
* Bisecting::
* Visiting blobs::
* Blaming::

File: magit.info, Node: Status buffer, Next: Repository list, Up: Inspecting
5.1 Status buffer
=================
While other Magit buffers contain e.g. one particular diff or one
particular log, the status buffer contains the diffs for staged and
unstaged changes, logs for unpushed and unpulled commits, lists of
stashes and untracked files, and information related to the current
branch.
During certain incomplete operations – for example when a merge
resulted in a conflict – additional information is displayed that helps
proceeding with or aborting the operation.
The command ‘magit-status’ displays the status buffer belonging to
the current repository in another window. This command is used so often
that it should be bound globally. We recommend using ‘C-x g’:
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status)
‘C-x g’ (‘magit-status’)
Show the status of the current Git repository in a buffer. With a
prefix argument prompt for a repository to be shown. With two
prefix arguments prompt for an arbitrary directory. If that
directory isn’t the root of an existing repository, then offer to
initialize it as a new repository.
-- User Option: magit-repository-directories
List of directories that are or contain Git repositories. Each
element has the form ‘(DIRECTORY . DEPTH)’ or, for backward
compatibility, just DIRECTORY. DIRECTORY has to be a directory or a
directory file-name, a string. DEPTH, an integer, specifies the
maximum depth to look for Git repositories. If it is 0, then only
add DIRECTORY itself. For elements that are strings, the value of
option ‘magit-repository-directories-depth’ specifies the depth.
-- User Option: magit-repository-directories-depth
The maximum depth to look for Git repositories. This option is
obsolete and only used for elements of the option
‘magit-repository-directories’ (which see) that don’t specify the
depth directly.
-- Command: ido-enter-magit-status
From an Ido prompt used to open a file, instead drop into
‘magit-status’. This is similar to ‘ido-magic-delete-char’, which,
despite its name, usually causes a Dired buffer to be created.
To make this command available, use something like:
(add-hook 'ido-setup-hook
(lambda ()
(define-key ido-completion-map
(kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status)))
Starting with Emacs 25.1 the Ido keymaps are defined just once
instead of every time Ido is invoked, so now you can modify it like
pretty much every other keymap:
(define-key ido-common-completion-map
(kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status)
* Menu:
* Status sections::
* Status header sections::
* Status options::

File: magit.info, Node: Status sections, Next: Status header sections, Up: Status buffer
5.1.1 Status sections
---------------------
The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook
‘magit-status-sections-hook’. See *note Section hooks: Section hooks.
to learn about such hooks and how to customize them.
-- User Option: magit-status-sections-hook
Hook run to insert sections into a status buffer.
The first function on that hook by default is
‘magit-insert-status-headers’; it is described in the next section. By
default the following functions are also members of that hook:
-- Function: magit-insert-merge-log
Insert section for the on-going merge. Display the heads that are
being merged. If no merge is in progress, do nothing.
-- Function: magit-insert-rebase-sequence
Insert section for the on-going rebase sequence. If no such
sequence is in progress, do nothing.
-- Function: magit-insert-am-sequence
Insert section for the on-going patch applying sequence. If no
such sequence is in progress, do nothing.
-- Function: magit-insert-sequencer-sequence
Insert section for the on-going cherry-pick or revert sequence. If
no such sequence is in progress, do nothing.
-- Function: magit-insert-bisect-output
While bisecting, insert section with output from ‘git bisect’.
-- Function: magit-insert-bisect-rest
While bisecting, insert section visualizing the bisect state.
-- Function: magit-insert-bisect-log
While bisecting, insert section logging bisect progress.
-- Function: magit-insert-untracked-files
Maybe insert a list or tree of untracked files.
Do so depending on the value of ‘status.showUntrackedFiles’. Note
that even if the value is ‘all’, Magit still initially only shows
directories. But the directory sections can then be expanded using
‘TAB’.
-- Function: magit-insert-unstaged-changes
Insert section showing unstaged changes.
-- Function: magit-insert-staged-changes
Insert section showing staged changes.
-- Function: magit-insert-stashes &optional ref heading
Insert the ‘stashes’ section showing reflog for "refs/stash". If
optional REF is non-nil show reflog for that instead. If optional
HEADING is non-nil use that as section heading instead of
"Stashes:".
-- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-from-upstream
Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pulled from the
upstream branch yet.
-- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-from-pushremote
Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pulled from the
push-remote branch yet.
-- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-to-upstream
Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pushed to the
upstream yet.
-- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-to-pushremote
Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pushed to the
push-remote yet.
The following functions can also be added to the above hook:
-- Function: magit-insert-tracked-files
Insert a tree of tracked files.
-- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits
Insert section showing unpulled or recent commits. If an upstream
is configured for the current branch and it is ahead of the current
branch, then show the missing commits. Otherwise, show the last
‘magit-log-section-commit-count’ commits.
-- Function: magit-insert-recent-commits
Insert section showing the last ‘magit-log-section-commit-count’
commits.
-- User Option: magit-log-section-commit-count
How many recent commits ‘magit-insert-recent-commits’ and
‘magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits’ (provided there are no
unpulled commits) show.
-- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-upstream
Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pulled from the
upstream yet. These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
-- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-pushremote
Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pulled from the
push-remote yet. These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
-- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-upstream
Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pushed to the
upstream yet. These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
-- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-pushremote
Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pushed to the
push-remote yet. These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
-- Function: magit-insert-submodules
Insert sections for all submodules. For each section insert the
path, the branch, and the output of ‘git describe --tags’.
Press ‘RET’ on such a submodule section to show its own status
buffer. Press ‘RET’ on the "Modules" section to display a list of
submodules in a separate buffer. This shows additional information
not displayed in the super-repository’s status buffer.
-- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-cherries
Insert section showing unpulled commits. Like
‘magit-insert-unpulled-commits’ but prefix each commit that has not
been applied yet (i.e. a commit with a patch-id not shared with
any local commit) with "+", and all others with "-".
-- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-cherries
Insert section showing unpushed commits. Like
‘magit-insert-unpushed-commits’ but prefix each commit which has
not been applied to upstream yet (i.e. a commit with a patch-id
not shared with any upstream commit) with "+" and all others with
"-".
See *note References buffer: References buffer. for some more section
inserters, which could be used here.

File: magit.info, Node: Status header sections, Next: Status options, Prev: Status sections, Up: Status buffer
5.1.2 Status header sections
----------------------------
The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook
‘magit-status-sections-hook’, as described in the previous section. By
default ‘magit-insert-status-headers’ is the first member of that hook
variable.
-- Function: magit-insert-status-headers
Insert headers sections appropriate for ‘magit-status-mode’
buffers. The sections are inserted by running the functions on the
hook ‘magit-status-headers-hook’.
-- User Option: magit-status-headers-hook
Hook run to insert headers sections into the status buffer.
This hook is run by ‘magit-insert-status-headers’, which in turn
has to be a member of ‘magit-status-sections-hook’ to be used at
all.
By default the following functions are members of the above hook:
-- Function: magit-insert-error-header
Insert a header line showing the message about the Git error that
just occurred.
This function is only aware of the last error that occur when Git
was run for side-effects. If, for example, an error occurs while
generating a diff, then that error won’t be inserted. Refreshing
the status buffer causes this section to disappear again.
-- Function: magit-insert-diff-filter-header
Insert a header line showing the effective diff filters.
-- Function: magit-insert-head-branch-header
Insert a header line about the current branch or detached ‘HEAD’.
-- Function: magit-insert-upstream-branch-header
Insert a header line about the branch that is usually pulled into
the current branch.
-- Function: magit-insert-push-branch-header
Insert a header line about the branch that the current branch is
usually pushed to.
-- Function: magit-insert-tags-header
Insert a header line about the current and/or next tag.
The following functions can also be added to the above hook:
-- Function: magit-insert-repo-header
Insert a header line showing the path to the repository top-level.
-- Function: magit-insert-remote-header
Insert a header line about the remote of the current branch.
If no remote is configured for the current branch, then fall back
showing the "origin" remote, or if that does not exist the first
remote in alphabetic order.
-- Function: magit-insert-user-header
Insert a header line about the current user.

File: magit.info, Node: Status options, Prev: Status header sections, Up: Status buffer
5.1.3 Status options
--------------------
-- User Option: magit-status-refresh-hook
Hook run after a status buffer has been refreshed.
-- User Option: magit-log-section-args
Additional Git arguments used when creating log sections. Only
‘--graph’, ‘--decorate’, and ‘--show-signature’ are supported.
This option is only a temporary kludge and will be removed.
Note that due to an issue in Git the use of ‘--graph’ is very slow
with long histories, so you probably don’t want to add this here.
Also see the proceeding section for more options concerning status
buffers.

File: magit.info, Node: Repository list, Next: Logging, Prev: Status buffer, Up: Inspecting
5.2 Repository list
===================
-- Command: magit-list-repositories
This command displays a list of repositories in a separate buffer.
The options ‘magit-repository-directories’ and
‘magit-repository-directories-depth’ control which repositories are
displayed.
-- User Option: magit-repolist-columns
This option controls what columns are displayed by the command
‘magit-list-repositories’ and how they are displayed.
Each element has the form ‘(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)’.
HEADER is the string displayed in the header. WIDTH is the width
of the column. FORMAT is a function that is called with one
argument, the repository identification (usually its basename), and
with ‘default-directory’ bound to the toplevel of its working tree.
It has to return a string to be inserted or nil. PROPS is an alist
that supports the keys ‘:right-align’ and ‘:pad-right’.
The following functions can be added to the above option:
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-ident
This function inserts the identification of the repository.
Usually this is just its basename.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-path
This function inserts the absolute path of the repository.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-version
This function inserts a description of the repository’s ‘HEAD’
revision.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-upstream
This function inserts the number of upstream commits not in the
current branch.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-pushremote
This function inserts the number of commits in the push branch but
not the current branch.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-upstream
This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch
but not its upstream.
-- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-pushremote
This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch
but not its push branch.

File: magit.info, Node: Logging, Next: Diffing, Prev: Repository list, Up: Inspecting
5.3 Logging
===========
The status buffer contains logs for the unpushed and unpulled commits,
but that obviously isn’t enough. The prefix command ‘magit-log-popup’,
on ‘l’, features several suffix commands, which show a specific log in a
separate log buffer.
Like other popups, the log popup also features several arguments that
can be changed before invoking one of the suffix commands. However in
case of the log popup these arguments correspond to those currently in
use in the current repository’s log buffer. When the log popup is
invoked while no log buffer exists for the current repository yet, then
the default value of ‘magit-log-arguments’ is used instead.
For information about the various arguments, see *note
(gitman)git-log:: . The switch ‘++order=VALUE’ is converted to one of
‘--author-date-order’, ‘--date-order’, or ‘--topo-order’ before being
passed to ‘git log’.
The log popup also features several reflog commands. See *note
Reflog: Reflog.
‘l’ (‘magit-log-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘l l’ (‘magit-log-current’)
Show log for the current branch. When ‘HEAD’ is detached or with a
prefix argument, show log for one or more revs read from the
minibuffer.
‘l o’ (‘magit-log’)
Show log for one or more revs read from the minibuffer. The user
can input any revision or revisions separated by a space, or even
ranges, but only branches, tags, and a representation of the commit
at point are available as completion candidates.
‘l h’ (‘magit-log-head’)
Show log for ‘HEAD’.
‘l L’ (‘magit-log-branches’)
Show log for all local branches and ‘HEAD’.
‘l b’ (‘magit-log-all-branches’)
Show log for all local and remote branches and ‘HEAD’.
‘l a’ (‘magit-log-all’)
Show log for all references and ‘HEAD’.
The following related commands are not available from the popup.
‘Y’ (‘magit-cherry’)
Show commits in a branch that are not merged in the upstream
branch.
‘M-x magit-log-buffer-file’ (‘magit-log-buffer-file’)
Show log for the file visited in the current buffer.
Two additional commands that show the log for the file or blob that
is being visited in the current buffer exists, see *note Minor mode for
buffers visiting files: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
* Menu:
* Refreshing logs::
* Log Buffer::
* Select from log::
* Reflog::

File: magit.info, Node: Refreshing logs, Next: Log Buffer, Up: Logging
5.3.1 Refreshing logs
---------------------
The prefix command ‘magit-log-refresh-popup’, on ‘L’, can be used to
change the log arguments used in the current buffer, without changing
which log is shown. This works in dedicated log buffers, but also in
the status buffer.
‘L’ (‘magit-log-refresh-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘L g’ (‘magit-log-refresh’)
This suffix command sets the local log arguments for the current
buffer.
‘L s’ (‘magit-log-set-default-arguments’)
This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer. Other existing
buffers of the same type are not affected because their local
values have already been initialized.
‘L w’ (‘magit-log-save-default-arguments’)
This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value
for future sessions. Other existing buffers of the same type are
not affected because their local values have already been
initialized.
‘L t’ (‘magit-toggle-margin’)
Show or hide the margin.

File: magit.info, Node: Log Buffer, Next: Select from log, Prev: Refreshing logs, Up: Logging
5.3.2 Log Buffer
----------------
‘L’ (‘magit-log-refresh-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note
Refreshing logs: Refreshing logs.
‘q’ (‘magit-log-bury-buffer’)
Bury the current buffer or the revision buffer in the same frame.
Like ‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’ (which see) but with a negative
prefix argument instead bury the revision buffer, provided it is
displayed in the current frame.
‘C-c C-b’ (‘magit-go-backward’)
Move backward in current buffer’s history.
‘C-c C-f’ (‘magit-go-forward’)
Move forward in current buffer’s history.
‘C-c C-n’ (‘magit-log-move-to-parent’)
Move to a parent of the current commit. By default, this is the
first parent, but a numeric prefix can be used to specify another
parent.
‘SPC’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up’)
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.
Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer up. If there is no commit or stash at point,
then prompt for a commit.
‘DEL’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down’)
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.
Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer down. If there is no commit or stash at point,
then prompt for a commit.
‘=’ (‘magit-log-toggle-commit-limit’)
Toggle the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.
If the number of commits is currently limited, then remove that
limit. Otherwise set it to 256.
‘+’ (‘magit-log-double-commit-limit’)
Double the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.
‘=’ (‘magit-log-half-commit-limit’)
Half the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.
-- User Option: magit-log-auto-more
Insert more log entries automatically when moving past the last
entry. Only considered when moving past the last entry with
‘magit-goto-*-section’ commands.
-- User Option: magit-log-show-margin
Whether to initially show the margin in log buffers.
When non-nil the author name and date are initially displayed in
the margin of log buffers. The margin can be shown or hidden in
the current buffer using the command ‘magit-toggle-margin’.
When a log buffer contains a verbose log, then the margin is never
displayed. In status buffers this option is ignored, but it is
possible to show the margin using the mentioned command.
-- User Option: magit-log-show-refname-after-summary
Whether to show the refnames after the commit summaries. This is
useful if you use really long branch names.

File: magit.info, Node: Select from log, Next: Reflog, Prev: Log Buffer, Up: Logging
5.3.3 Select from log
---------------------
When the user has to select a recent commit that is reachable from
‘HEAD’, using regular completion would be inconvenient (because most
humans cannot remember hashes or "HEAD~5", at least not without double
checking). Instead a log buffer is used to select the commit, which has
the advantage that commits are presented in order and with the commit
message. The following additional key bindings are available when a log
is used for selection:
‘C-c C-c’ (‘magit-log-select-pick’)
Select the commit at point and act on it. Call
‘magit-log-select-pick-function’ with the selected commit as
argument.
‘C-c C-k’ (‘magit-log-select-quit’)
Abort selecting a commit, don’t act on any commit.
This feature is used by rebase and squash commands.

File: magit.info, Node: Reflog, Prev: Select from log, Up: Logging
5.3.4 Reflog
------------
Also see *note (gitman)git-reflog:: .
These reflog commands are available from the log popup. See *note
Logging: Logging.
‘l r’ (‘magit-reflog-current’)
Display the reflog of the current branch.
‘l O’ (‘magit-reflog-other’)
Display the reflog of a branch.
‘l H’ (‘magit-reflog-head’)
Display the ‘HEAD’ reflog.

File: magit.info, Node: Diffing, Next: Ediffing, Prev: Logging, Up: Inspecting
5.4 Diffing
===========
The status buffer contains diffs for the staged and unstaged commits,
but that obviously isn’t enough. The prefix command ‘magit-diff-popup’,
on ‘d’, features several suffix commands, which show a specific diff in
a separate diff buffer.
Like other popups, the diff popup also features several arguments
that can be changed before invoking one of the suffix commands. However
in case of the diff popup these arguments correspond to those currently
in use in the current repository’s diff buffer. When the diff popup is
invoked while no diff buffer exists for the current repository yet, then
the default value of ‘magit-diff-arguments’ is used instead.
Also see *note (gitman)git-diff:: .
‘d’ (‘magit-diff-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘d d’ (‘magit-diff-dwim’)
Show changes for the thing at point.
‘d r’ (‘magit-diff’)
Show differences between two commits.
RANGE should be a range (A..B or A…B) but can also be a single
commit. If one side of the range is omitted, then it defaults to
HEAD. If just a commit is given, then changes in the working tree
relative to that commit are shown.
If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last
line of the region. With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the
revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the
common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "…" range).
‘d w’ (‘magit-diff-worktree’)
Show changes between the current working tree and the ‘HEAD’
commit. With a prefix argument show changes between the working
tree and a commit read from the minibuffer.
‘d s’ (‘magit-diff-staged’)
Show changes between the index and the ‘HEAD’ commit. With a
prefix argument show changes between the index and a commit read
from the minibuffer.
‘d u’ (‘magit-diff-unstaged’)
Show changes between the working tree and the index.
‘d p’ (‘magit-diff-paths’)
Show changes between any two files on disk.
All of the above suffix commands update the repository’s diff buffer.
The diff popup also features two commands which show differences in
another buffer:
‘d c’ (‘magit-show-commit’)
Show the commit at point. If there is no commit at point or with a
prefix argument, prompt for a commit.
‘d t’ (‘magit-stash-show’)
Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer.
Two additional commands that show the diff for the file or blob that
is being visited in the current buffer exists, see *note Minor mode for
buffers visiting files: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
* Menu:
* Refreshing diffs::
* Diff buffer::
* Diff options::
* Revision buffer::

File: magit.info, Node: Refreshing diffs, Next: Diff buffer, Up: Diffing
5.4.1 Refreshing diffs
----------------------
The prefix command ‘magit-diff-refresh-popup’, on ‘D’, can be used to
change the diff arguments used in the current buffer, without changing
which diff is shown. This works in dedicated diff buffers, but also in
the status buffer.
‘D’ (‘magit-diff-refresh-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘D g’ (‘magit-diff-refresh’)
This suffix command sets the local diff arguments for the current
buffer.
‘D s’ (‘magit-diff-set-default-arguments’)
This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer. Other existing
buffers of the same type are not affected because their local
values have already been initialized.
‘D w’ (‘magit-diff-save-default-arguments’)
This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value
for future sessions. Other existing buffers of the same type are
not affected because their local values have already been
initialized.
‘D t’ (‘magit-diff-toggle-refine-hunk’)
This command toggles hunk refinement on or off.
‘D r’ (‘magit-diff-switch-range-type’)
This command converts the diff range type from "revA..revB" to
"revB…revA", or vice versa.
‘D f’ (‘magit-diff-flip-revs’)
This command swaps revisions in the diff range from "revA..revB" to
"revB..revA", or vice versa.
In addition to the above popup, which allows changing any of the
supported arguments, there also exist some commands which change a
particular argument.
‘-’ (‘magit-diff-less-context’)
This command decreases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines.
‘+’ (‘magit-diff-more-context’)
This command increases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines.
‘0’ (‘magit-diff-default-context’)
This command resets the context for diff hunks to the default
height.
The following commands quickly change what diff is being displayed
without having to using one of the diff popups.
‘C-c C-d’ (‘magit-diff-while-committing’)
While committing, this command shows the changes that are about to
be committed. While amending, invoking the command again toggles
between showing just the new changes or all the changes that will
be committed.
This binding is available in the diff buffer as well as the commit
message buffer.
‘C-c C-b’ (‘magit-go-backward’)
This command moves backward in current buffer’s history.
‘C-c C-f’ (‘magit-go-forward’)
This command moves forward in current buffer’s history.

File: magit.info, Node: Diff buffer, Next: Diff options, Prev: Refreshing diffs, Up: Diffing
5.4.2 Diff buffer
-----------------
‘RET’ (‘magit-diff-visit-file’)
From a diff, visit the corresponding file at the appropriate
position.
If the diff shows changes in the worktree, the index, or ‘HEAD’,
then visit the actual file. Otherwise, when the diff is about an
older commit or a range, then visit the appropriate blob.
If point is on a removed line, then visit the blob for the first
parent of the commit which removed that line, i.e. the last commit
where that line still existed. Otherwise visit the blob for the
commit whose changes are being shown.
When the diff is about a range of commits, then, for the time
being, the point this function jumps to often is only an
approximation.
When the file or blob to be displayed is already being displayed in
another window of the same frame, then just select that window and
adjust point. Otherwise, or with a prefix argument, display the
buffer in another window.
‘C-<return>’ (‘magit-diff-visit-file-worktree’)
From a diff, visit the corresponding file at the appropriate
position.
When the file is already being displayed in another window of the
same frame, then just select that window and adjust point. With a
prefix argument also display in another window.
The actual file in the worktree is visited. The positions in the
hunk headers get less useful the "older" the changes are, and as a
result, jumping to the appropriate position gets less reliable.
Also see ‘magit-diff-visit-file-worktree’, which visits the
respective blob, unless the diff shows changes in the worktree, the
index, or ‘HEAD’.
‘j’ (‘magit-jump-to-diffstat-or-diff’)
Jump to the diffstat or diff. When point is on a file inside the
diffstat section, then jump to the respective diff section.
Otherwise, jump to the diffstat section or a child thereof.
‘SPC’ (‘scroll-up’)
Scroll text upward.
‘DEL’ (‘scroll-down’)
Scroll text downward.

File: magit.info, Node: Diff options, Next: Revision buffer, Prev: Diff buffer, Up: Diffing
5.4.3 Diff options
------------------
-- User Option: magit-diff-refine-hunk
Whether to show word-granularity differences within diff hunks.
• ‘nil’ never show fine differences.
• ‘t’ show fine differences for the current diff hunk only.
• ‘all’ show fine differences for all displayed diff hunks.
-- User Option: magit-diff-paint-whitespace
Specify where to highlight whitespace errors.
See ‘magit-highlight-trailing-whitespace’,
‘magit-highlight-indentation’. The symbol ‘t’ means in all diffs,
‘status’ means only in the status buffer, and nil means nowhere.
-- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-trailing
Whether to highlight whitespace at the end of a line in diffs.
Used only when ‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’ is non-nil.
-- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-indentation
Highlight the "wrong" indentation style. Used only when
‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’ is non-nil.
The value is a list of cons cells. The car is a regular
expression, and the cdr is the value that applies to repositories
whose directory matches the regular expression. If more than one
element matches, then the *last* element in the list applies. The
default value should therefore come first in the list.
If the value is ‘tabs’, highlight indentation with tabs. If the
value is an integer, highlight indentation with at least that many
spaces. Otherwise, highlight neither.
-- User Option: magit-diff-hide-trailing-cr-characters
Whether to hide ^M characters at the end of a line in diffs.
-- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions
This option specifies the functions used to highlight the
hunk-internal region.
‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-dim-outside’ overlays the outside
of the hunk internal selection with a face that causes the added
and removed lines to have the same background color as context
lines. This function should not be removed from the value of this
option.
‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-overlays’ and
‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-underline’ emphasize the
region by placing delimiting horizonal lines before and after it.
Both of these functions have glitches which cannot be fixed due to
limitations of Emacs’ display engine. For more information see
<https://github.com/magit/magit/issues/2758> ff.
Instead of, or in addition to, using delimiting horizontal lines,
to emphasize the boundaries, you may which to emphasize the text
itself, using ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-face’.
In terminal frames it’s not possible to draw lines as the overlay
and underline variants normally do, so there they fall back to
calling the face function instead.
-- User Option: magit-diff-unmarked-lines-keep-foreground
This option controls whether added and removed lines outside the
hunk-internal region only lose their distinct background color or
also the foreground color. Whether the outside of the region is
dimmed at all depends on
‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions’.

File: magit.info, Node: Revision buffer, Prev: Diff options, Up: Diffing
5.4.4 Revision buffer
---------------------
-- User Option: magit-revision-insert-related-refs
Whether to show related refs in revision buffers.
-- User Option: magit-revision-show-gravatar
Whether to show gravatar images in revision buffers.
If non-nil, then the value has to be a cons-cell which specifies
where the gravatar images for the author and/or the committer are
inserted inside the text that was previously inserted according to
‘magit-revision-header-format’.
Both cells are regular expressions. The car specifies where to
insert the author gravatar image. The top halve of the image is
inserted right after the matched text, the bottom halve on the next
line at the same offset. The cdr specifies where to insert the
committer image, accordingly. Either the car or the cdr may be
nil.

File: magit.info, Node: Ediffing, Next: References buffer, Prev: Diffing, Up: Inspecting
5.5 Ediffing
============
This section describes how to enter Ediff from Magit buffers. For
information on how to use Ediff itself, see *note (ediff)Top::.
‘e’ (‘magit-ediff-dwim’)
Compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff.
This command tries to guess what file, and what commit or range the
user wants to compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff. It might
only be able to guess either the file, or range/commit, in which
case the user is asked about the other. It might not always guess
right, in which case the appropriate ‘magit-ediff-*’ command has to
be used explicitly. If it cannot read the user’s mind at all, then
it asks the user for a command to run.
‘E’ (‘magit-ediff-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup
buffer.
‘E r’ (‘magit-ediff-compare’)
Compare two revisions of a file using Ediff.
If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last
line of the region. With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the
revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the
common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "…" range).
‘E m’ (‘magit-ediff-resolve’)
Resolve outstanding conflicts in a file using Ediff, defaulting to
the file at point.
Provided that the value of ‘merge.conflictstyle’ is ‘diff3’, you
can view the file’s merge-base revision using ‘/’ in the Ediff
control buffer.
In the rare event that you want to manually resolve all conflicts,
including those already resolved by Git, use
‘ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor’.
‘E s’ (‘magit-ediff-stage’)
Stage and unstage changes to a file using Ediff, defaulting to the
file at point.
‘E u’ (‘magit-ediff-show-unstaged’)
Show unstaged changes to a file using Ediff.
‘E i’ (‘magit-ediff-show-staged’)
Show staged changes to a file using Ediff.
‘E w’ (‘magit-ediff-show-working-tree’)
Show changes in a file between HEAD and working tree using Ediff.
‘E c’ (‘magit-ediff-show-commit’)
Show changes to a file introduced by a commit using Ediff.
‘E z’ (‘magit-ediff-show-stash’)
Show changes to a file introduced by a stash using Ediff.
-- User Option: magit-ediff-dwim-show-on-hunks
This option controls what command ‘magit-ediff-dwim’ calls when
point is on uncommitted hunks. When nil, always run
‘magit-ediff-stage’. Otherwise, use ‘magit-ediff-show-staged’ and
‘magit-ediff-show-unstaged’ to show staged and unstaged changes,
respectively.
-- User Option: magit-ediff-show-stash-with-index
This option controls whether ‘magit-ediff-show-stash’ includes a
buffer containing the file’s state in the index at the time the
stash was created. This makes it possible to tell which changes in
the stash were staged.
-- User Option: magit-ediff-quit-hook
This hook is run after quitting an Ediff session that was created
using a Magit command. The hook functions are run inside the Ediff
control buffer, and should not change the current buffer.
This is similar to ‘ediff-quit-hook’ but takes the needs of Magit
into account. The regular ‘ediff-quit-hook’ is ignored by Ediff
sessions that were created using a Magit command.

File: magit.info, Node: References buffer, Next: Bisecting, Prev: Ediffing, Up: Inspecting
5.6 References buffer
=====================
‘y’ (‘magit-show-refs-popup’)
List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. By default all
refs are compared with ‘HEAD’, but with a prefix argument this
command instead acts as a prefix command and shows the following
suffix commands along with the appropriate infix arguments in a
popup buffer.
‘y y’ (‘magit-show-refs-head’)
List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are
compared with ‘HEAD’.
‘y c’ (‘magit-show-refs-current’)
List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are
compared with the current branch or ‘HEAD’ if it is detached.
‘y o’ (‘magit-show-refs’)
List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are
compared with a branch read from the user.
-- User Option: magit-refs-show-commit-count
Whether to show commit counts in Magit-Refs mode buffers.
• ‘all’ Show counts for branches and tags.
• ‘branch’ Show counts for branches only.
• ‘nil’ Never show counts.
The default is ‘nil’ because anything else can be very expensive.
-- User Option: magit-refs-show-margin
Whether to initially show the margin in refs buffers.
When non-nil the committer name and date are initially displayed in
the margin of refs buffers. The margin can be shown or hidden in
the current buffer using the command ‘magit-toggle-margin’.
The following variables control how individual refs are displayed.
If you change one of these variables (especially the "%c" part), then
you should also change the others to keep things aligned. The following
%-sequences are supported:
• ‘%a’ Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to.
• ‘%b’ Number of commits the ref we compare to has over this one.
• ‘%c’ Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to.
For the ref which all other refs are compared this is instead "@",
if it is the current branch, or "#" otherwise.
• ‘%C’ For the ref which all other refs are compared this is "@", if
it is the current branch, or "#" otherwise. For all other refs "
".
• ‘%h’ Hash of this ref’s tip.
• ‘%m’ Commit summary of the tip of this ref.
• ‘%n’ Name of this ref.
• ‘%u’ Upstream of this local branch.
• ‘%U’ Upstream of this local branch and additional local vs.
upstream information.
-- Variable: magit-refs-local-branch-format
Format used for local branches in refs buffers.
-- Variable: magit-refs-remote-branch-format
Format used for remote branches in refs buffers.
-- Variable: magit-refs-tags-format
Format used for tags in refs buffers.
-- Variable: magit-refs-indent-cherry-lines
Indentation of cherries in refs buffers. This should be N-1 where
N is taken from "%Nc" in the above format strings.
Everywhere in Magit ‘RET’ visits the thing represented by the section
at point. In almost all cases visiting is done by showing some
information in another buffer and *not* doing anything else. In refs
buffers ‘RET’ behaves differently, and because many users have grown
accustomed to that inconsistency we are keeping it that way.
‘RET’ (‘magit-visit-ref’)
Everywhere except in refs buffers this command behaves exactly like
‘magit-show-commit’; it shows the commit at point in another
buffer.
In refs buffers, when there is a local branch at point, then this
command instead checks out that branch. When there is a remote
branch or a tag at point then the respective commit is checked out
causing ‘HEAD’ to be detached.
When a prefix argument it used, then this command only *focuses* on
the reference at point, i.e. the commit counts and cherries are
updated to be relative to that reference, but nothing is checked
out.
-- User Option: magit-visit-ref-create
When this is non-nil and ‘magit-visit-ref’ is called inside a refs
buffer, then it "visits" the remote branch at point by creating a
new local branch which tracks that remote branch and then checking
out the newly created branch.
This is not enabled by default because one has to use an extremely
loose definition of the verb "to visit" to be able to argue that
creating and then checking out a new local branch is a form of
visiting a remote branch.
* Menu:
* References sections::

File: magit.info, Node: References sections, Up: References buffer
5.6.1 References sections
-------------------------
The contents of references buffers is controlled using the hook
‘magit-refs-sections-hook’. See *note Section hooks: Section hooks. to
learn about such hooks and how to customize them. All of the below
functions are members of the default value. Note that it makes much
less sense to customize this hook than it does for the respective hook
used for the status buffer.
-- User Option: magit-refs-sections-hook
Hook run to insert sections into a references buffer.
-- Function: magit-insert-local-branches
Insert sections showing all local branches.
-- Function: magit-insert-remote-branches
Insert sections showing all remote-tracking branches.
-- Function: magit-insert-tags
Insert sections showing all tags.

File: magit.info, Node: Bisecting, Next: Visiting blobs, Prev: References buffer, Up: Inspecting
5.7 Bisecting
=============
Also see *note (gitman)git-bisect:: .
‘B’ (‘magit-bisect-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup
buffer.
When bisecting is not in progress, then the popup buffer features the
following commands.
‘B s’ (‘magit-bisect-start’)
Start a bisect session.
Bisecting a bug means to find the commit that introduced it. This
command starts such a bisect session by asking for a known good and
a bad commit.
‘B u’ (‘magit-bisect-run’)
Bisect automatically by running commands after each step.
When bisecting is in progress, then the popup buffer features these
commands instead.
‘B b’ (‘magit-bisect-bad’)
Mark the current commit as bad. Use this after you have asserted
that the commit does contain the bug in question.
‘B g’ (‘magit-bisect-good’)
Mark the current commit as good. Use this after you have asserted
that the commit does not contain the bug in question.
‘B k’ (‘magit-bisect-skip’)
Skip the current commit. Use this if for some reason the current
commit is not a good one to test. This command lets Git choose a
different one.
‘B r’ (‘magit-bisect-reset’)
After bisecting, cleanup bisection state and return to original
‘HEAD’.
By default the status buffer shows information about the ongoing
bisect session.
-- User Option: magit-bisect-show-graph
This option controls whether a graph is displayed for the log of
commits that still have to be bisected.

File: magit.info, Node: Visiting blobs, Next: Blaming, Prev: Bisecting, Up: Inspecting
5.8 Visiting blobs
==================
‘M-x magit-find-file’ (‘magit-find-file’)
View FILE from REV. Switch to a buffer visiting blob REV:FILE,
creating one if none already exists.
‘M-x magit-find-file-other-window’ (‘magit-find-file-other-window’)
View FILE from REV, in another window. Like ‘magit-find-file’, but
create a new window or reuse an existing one.

File: magit.info, Node: Blaming, Prev: Visiting blobs, Up: Inspecting
5.9 Blaming
===========
Also see *note (gitman)git-blame:: .
‘M-x magit-blame’ (‘magit-blame’)
Display edit history of FILE up to REVISION.
Interactively blame the file being visited in the current buffer.
If the buffer visits a revision of that file, then blame up to that
revision. Otherwise, blame the file’s full history, including
uncommitted changes.
If Magit-Blame mode is already turned on then blame recursively, by
visiting REVISION:FILE (using ‘magit-find-file’), where revision is
the revision before the revision that added the lines at point.
ARGS is a list of additional arguments to pass to ‘git blame’; only
arguments available from ‘magit-blame-popup’ should be used.
‘M-x magit-blame-popup’ (‘magit-blame-popup’)
This prefix command shows the above suffix command along with the
appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘RET’ (‘magit-show-commit’)
Show the commit at point. If there is no commit at point or with a
prefix argument, prompt for a commit.
‘SPC’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up’)
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.
Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer up. If there is no commit or stash at point,
then prompt for a commit.
‘DEL’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down’)
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.
Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer down. If there is no commit or stash at point,
then prompt for a commit.
‘n’ (‘magit-blame-next-chunk’)
Move to the next chunk.
‘N’ (‘magit-blame-next-chunk-same-commit’)
Move to the next chunk from the same commit.
‘p’ (‘magit-blame-previous-chunk’)
Move to the previous chunk.
‘P’ (‘magit-blame-previous-chunk-same-commit’)
Move to the previous chunk from the same commit.
‘q’ (‘magit-blame-quit’)
Turn off Magit-Blame mode. If the buffer was created during a
recursive blame, then also kill the buffer.
‘M-w’ (‘magit-blame-copy-hash’)
Save the hash of the current chunk’s commit to the kill ring.
When the region is active, then save that to the ‘kill-ring’, like
‘kill-ring-save’ would.
‘t’ (‘magit-blame-toggle-headings’)
Show or hide blame chunk headings.
-- User Option: magit-blame-heading-format
Format string used for blame headings.
-- User Option: magit-blame-time-format
Format string used for time strings in blame headings.
-- User Option: magit-blame-show-headings
Whether to initially show blame block headings. The headings can
also be toggled locally using command
‘magit-blame-toggle-headings’.
-- User Option: magit-blame-goto-chunk-hook
Hook run by ‘magit-blame-next-chunk’ and
‘magit-blame-previous-chunk’.

File: magit.info, Node: Manipulating, Next: Transferring, Prev: Inspecting, Up: Top
6 Manipulating
**************
* Menu:
* Repository setup::
* Staging and unstaging::
* Applying::
* Committing::
* Branching::
* Merging::
* Resolving conflicts::
* Rebasing::
* Cherry picking::
* Resetting::
* Stashing::

File: magit.info, Node: Repository setup, Next: Staging and unstaging, Up: Manipulating
6.1 Repository setup
====================
‘M-x magit-init’ (‘magit-init’)
This command initializes a repository and then shows the status
buffer for the new repository.
If the directory is below an existing repository, then the user has
to confirm that a new one should be created inside. If the
directory is the root of the existing repository, then the user has
to confirm that it should be reinitialized.
‘M-x magit-clone’ (‘magit-clone’)
This command clones a repository and then shows the status buffer
for the new repository.
The user is queried for a remote url and a local directory.
-- User Option: magit-clone-set-remote.pushDefault
Whether to set the value of ‘remote.pushDefault’ after cloning.
If ‘t’, then set without asking. If ‘nil’, then don’t set. If
‘ask’, then ask the user every time she clones a repository.

File: magit.info, Node: Staging and unstaging, Next: Applying, Prev: Repository setup, Up: Manipulating
6.2 Staging and unstaging
=========================
Like Git, Magit can of course stage and unstage complete files. Unlike
Git, it also allows users to gracefully un-/stage individual hunks and
even just part of a hunk. To stage individual hunks and parts of hunks
using Git directly, one has to use the very modal and rather clumsy
interface of a ‘git add --interactive’ session.
With Magit, on the other hand, one can un-/stage individual hunks by
just moving point into the respective section inside a diff displayed in
the status buffer or a separate diff buffer and typing ‘s’ or ‘u’. To
operate on just parts of a hunk, mark the changes that should be
un-/staged using the region and then press the same key that would be
used to un-/stage. To stage multiple files or hunks at once use a
region that starts inside the heading of such a section and ends inside
the heading of a sibling section of the same type.
Besides staging and unstaging, Magit also provides several other
"apply variants" that can also operate on a file, multiple files at
once, a hunk, multiple hunks at once, and on parts of a hunk. These
apply variants are described in the next section.
You can also use Ediff to stage and unstage. See *note Ediffing:
Ediffing.
‘s’ (‘magit-stage’)
Add the change at point to the staging area.
With a prefix argument and an untracked file (or files) at point,
stage the file but not its content. This makes it possible to
stage only a subset of the new file’s changes.
‘S’ (‘magit-stage-modified’)
Stage all changes to files modified in the worktree. Stage all new
content of tracked files and remove tracked files that no longer
exist in the working tree from the index also. With a prefix
argument also stage previously untracked (but not ignored) files.
‘u’ (‘magit-unstage’)
Remove the change at point from the staging area.
Only staged changes can be unstaged. But by default this command
performs an action that is somewhat similar to unstaging, when it
is called on a committed change: it reverses the change in the
index but not in the working tree.
‘U’ (‘magit-unstage-all’)
Remove all changes from the staging area.
-- User Option: magit-unstage-committed
This option controls whether ‘magit-unstage’ "unstages" committed
changes by reversing them in the index but not the working tree.
The alternative is to raise an error.
‘M-x magit-reverse-in-index’ (‘magit-reverse-in-index’)
This command reverses the committed change at point in the index
but not the working tree. By default no key is bound directly to
this command, but it is indirectly called when ‘u’
(‘magit-unstage’) is pressed on a committed change.
This allows extracting a change from ‘HEAD’, while leaving it in
the working tree, so that it can later be committed using a
separate commit. A typical workflow would be:
• Optionally make sure that there are no uncommitted changes.
• Visit the ‘HEAD’ commit and navigate to the change that should
not have been included in that commit.
• Type ‘u’ (‘magit-unstage’) to reverse it in the index. This
assumes that ‘magit-unstage-committed-changes’ is non-nil.
• Type ‘c e’ to extend ‘HEAD’ with the staged changes, including
those that were already staged before.
• Optionally stage the remaining changes using ‘s’ or ‘S’ and
then type ‘c c’ to create a new commit.
‘M-x magit-reset-index’ (‘magit-reset-index’)
Reset the index to some commit. The commit is read from the user
and defaults to the commit at point. If there is no commit at
point, then it defaults to ‘HEAD’.
* Menu:
* Staging from file-visiting buffers::

File: magit.info, Node: Staging from file-visiting buffers, Up: Staging and unstaging
6.2.1 Staging from file-visiting buffers
----------------------------------------
Fine-grained un-/staging has to be done from the status or a diff
buffer, but it’s also possible to un-/stage all changes made to the file
visited in the current buffer right from inside that buffer.
‘M-x magit-stage-file’ (‘magit-stage-file’)
When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then stage all changes
to that file. In a Magit buffer, stage the file at point if any.
Otherwise prompt for a file to be staged. With a prefix argument
always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting buffer
or when there is a file section at point.
‘M-x magit-unstage-file’ (‘magit-unstage-file’)
When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then unstage all
changes to that file. In a Magit buffer, unstage the file at point
if any. Otherwise prompt for a file to be unstaged. With a prefix
argument always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting
buffer or when there is a file section at point.

File: magit.info, Node: Applying, Next: Committing, Prev: Staging and unstaging, Up: Manipulating
6.3 Applying
============
Magit provides several "apply variants": stage, unstage, discard,
reverse, and "regular apply". At least when operating on a hunk they
are all implemented using ‘git apply’, which is why they are called
"apply variants".
• Stage. Apply a change from the working tree to the index. The
change also remains in the working tree.
• Unstage. Remove a change from the index. The change remains in
the working tree.
• Discard. On a staged change, remove it from the working tree and
the index. On an unstaged change, remove it from the working tree
only.
• Reverse. Reverse a change in the working tree. Both committed and
staged changes can be reversed. Unstaged changes cannot be
reversed. Discard them instead.
• Apply. Apply a change to the working tree. Both committed and
staged changes can be applied. Unstaged changes cannot be applied
- as they already have been applied.
The previous section described the staging and unstaging commands.
What follows are the commands which implement the remaining apply
variants.
‘a’ (‘magit-apply’)
Apply the change at point to the working tree.
With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge. Doing so causes
the change to be applied to the index as well.
‘k’ (‘magit-discard’)
Remove the change at point from the working tree.
‘v’ (‘magit-reverse’)
Reverse the change at point in the working tree.
With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge. Doing so causes
the change to be applied to the index as well.
With a prefix argument all apply variants attempt a 3-way merge when
appropriate (i.e. when ‘git apply’ is used internally).

File: magit.info, Node: Committing, Next: Branching, Prev: Applying, Up: Manipulating
6.4 Committing
==============
When the user initiates a commit, Magit calls ‘git commit’ without any
arguments, so Git has to get it from the user. It creates the file
‘.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG’ and then opens that file in an editor. Magit
arranges for that editor to be the Emacsclient. Once the user finishes
the editing session, the Emacsclient exits and Git creates the commit
using the file’s content as message.
* Menu:
* Initiating a commit::
* Editing commit messages::

File: magit.info, Node: Initiating a commit, Next: Editing commit messages, Up: Committing
6.4.1 Initiating a commit
-------------------------
Also see *note (gitman)git-commit:: .
‘c’ (‘magit-commit-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘c c’ (‘magit-commit’)
Create a new commit on ‘HEAD’. With a prefix argument amend to the
commit at ‘HEAD’ instead.
‘c a’ (‘magit-commit-amend’)
Amend the last commit.
‘c e’ (‘magit-commit-extend’)
Amend the last commit, without editing the message. With a prefix
argument keep the committer date, otherwise change it. The option
‘magit-commit-extend-override-date’ can be used to inverse the
meaning of the prefix argument.
Non-interactively respect the optional OVERRIDE-DATE argument and
ignore the option.
‘c w’ (‘magit-commit-reword’)
Reword the last commit, ignoring staged changes. With a prefix
argument keep the committer date, otherwise change it. The option
‘magit-commit-reword-override-date’ can be used to inverse the
meaning of the prefix argument.
Non-interactively respect the optional OVERRIDE-DATE argument and
ignore the option.
‘c f’ (‘magit-commit-fixup’)
Create a fixup commit.
With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed.
Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation
depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’.
‘c F’ (‘magit-commit-instant-fixup’)
Create a fixup commit and instantly rebase.
‘c s’ (‘magit-commit-squash’)
Create a squash commit, without editing the squash message.
With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed.
Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation
depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’.
‘c S’ (‘magit-commit-instant-squash’)
Create a squash commit and instantly rebase.
‘c A’ (‘magit-commit-augment’)
Create a squash commit, editing the squash message.
With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed.
Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation
depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’.
-- User Option: magit-commit-ask-to-stage
Whether to ask to stage everything when committing and nothing is
staged.
-- User Option: magit-commit-extend-override-date
Whether using ‘magit-commit-extend’ changes the committer date.
-- User Option: magit-commit-reword-override-date
Whether using ‘magit-commit-reword’ changes the committer date.
-- User Option: magit-commit-squash-confirm
Whether the commit targeted by squash and fixup has to be
confirmed. When non-nil then the commit at point (if any) is used
as default choice. Otherwise it has to be confirmed. This option
only affects ‘magit-commit-squash’ and ‘magit-commit-fixup’. The
"instant" variants always require confirmation because making an
error while using those is harder to recover from.

File: magit.info, Node: Editing commit messages, Prev: Initiating a commit, Up: Committing
6.4.2 Editing commit messages
-----------------------------
After initiating a commit as described in the previous section, two new
buffers appear. One shows the changes that are about to committed,
while the other is used to write the message. All regular editing
commands are available in the commit message buffer. This section only
describes the additional commands.
Commit messages are edited in an edit session - in the background Git
is waiting for the editor, in our case the Emacsclient, to save the
commit message in a file (in most cases ‘.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG’) and then
return. If the Emacsclient returns with a non-zero exit status then Git
does not create the commit. So the most important commands are those
for finishing and aborting the commit.
‘C-c C-c’ (‘with-editor-finish’)
Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0.
Git then creates the commit using the message it finds in the file.
‘C-c C-k’ (‘with-editor-cancel’)
Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1.
Git then cancels the commit, but leaves the file untouched.
In addition to being used by Git, these messages may also be stored
in a ring that persists until Emacs is closed. By default the message
is stored at the beginning and the end of an edit session (regardless of
whether the session is finished successfully or was canceled). It is
sometimes useful to bring back messages from that ring.
‘C-s M-s’ (‘git-commit-save-message’)
Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring.
‘M-p’ (‘git-commit-prev-message’)
Cycle backward through the commit message ring, after saving the
current message to the ring. With a numeric prefix ARG, go back
ARG comments.
‘M-n’ (‘git-commit-next-message’)
Cycle forward through the commit message ring, after saving the
current message to the ring. With a numeric prefix ARG, go back
ARG comments.
By default the diff for the changes that are about to be committed
are automatically shown when invoking the commit. When amending to an
existing commit it may be useful to show either the changes that are
about to be added to that commit or to show those changes together with
those that are already committed.
‘C-c C-d’ (‘magit-diff-while-committing’)
While committing, show the changes that are about to be committed.
While amending, invoking the command again toggles between showing
just the new changes or all the changes that will be committed.
‘C-c C-w’ (‘magit-pop-revision-stack’)
This command inserts a representation of a revision into the
current buffer. It can be used inside buffers used to write commit
messages but also in other buffers such as buffers used to edit
emails or ChangeLog files.
By default this command pops the revision which was last added to
the ‘magit-revision-stack’ and inserts it into the current buffer
according to ‘magit-pop-revision-stack-format’. Revisions can be
put on the stack using ‘magit-copy-section-value’ and
‘magit-copy-buffer-revision’.
If the stack is empty or with a prefix argument it instead reads a
revision in the minibuffer. By using the minibuffer history this
allows selecting an item which was popped earlier or to insert an
arbitrary reference or revision without first pushing it onto the
stack.
When reading the revision from the minibuffer, then it might not be
possible to guess the correct repository. When this command is
called inside a repository (e.g. while composing a commit
message), then that repository is used. Otherwise (e.g. while
composing an email) then the repository recorded for the top
element of the stack is used (even though we insert another
revision). If not called inside a repository and with an empty
stack, or with two prefix arguments, then read the repository in
the minibuffer too.
-- User Option: magit-pop-revision-stack-format
This option controls how the command ‘magit-pop-revision-stack’
inserts a revision into the current buffer.
The entries on the stack have the format ‘(HASH TOPLEVEL)’ and this
option has the format ‘(POINT-FORMAT EOB-FORMAT INDEX-REGEXP)’, all
of which may be nil or a string (though either one of EOB-FORMAT or
POINT-FORMAT should be a string, and if INDEX-REGEXP is non-nil,
then the two formats should be too).
First INDEX-REGEXP is used to find the previously inserted entry,
by searching backward from point. The first submatch must match
the index number. That number is incremented by one, and becomes
the index number of the entry to be inserted. If you don’t want to
number the inserted revisions, then use nil for INDEX-REGEXP.
If INDEX-REGEXP is non-nil then both POINT-FORMAT and EOB-FORMAT
should contain \"%N\", which is replaced with the number that was
determined in the previous step.
Both formats, if non-nil and after removing %N, are then expanded
using ‘git show –format=FORMAT …’ inside TOPLEVEL.
The expansion of POINT-FORMAT is inserted at point, and the
expansion of EOB-FORMAT is inserted at the end of the buffer (if
the buffer ends with a comment, then it is inserted right before
that).
Some projects use pseudo headers in commit messages. Magit colorizes
such headers and provides some commands to insert such headers.
-- User Option: git-commit-known-pseudo-headers
A list of Git pseudo headers to be highlighted.
‘C-c C-a’ (‘git-commit-ack’)
Insert a header acknowledging that you have looked at the commit.
‘C-c C-r’ (‘git-commit-review’)
Insert a header acknowledging that you have reviewed the commit.
‘C-c C-s’ (‘git-commit-signoff’)
Insert a header to sign off the commit.
‘C-c C-t’ (‘git-commit-test’)
Insert a header acknowledging that you have tested the commit.
‘C-c C-o’ (‘git-commit-cc’)
Insert a header mentioning someone who might be interested.
‘C-c C-p’ (‘git-commit-reported’)
Insert a header mentioning the person who reported the issue being
fixed by the commit.
‘C-c C-i’ (‘git-commit-suggested’)
Insert a header mentioning the person who suggested the change.
‘git-commit-mode’ is a minor mode that is only used to establish the
above key bindings. This allows using an arbitrary major mode when
editing the commit message. It’s even possible to use a different major
mode in different repositories, which is useful when different projects
impose different commit message conventions.
-- User Option: git-commit-major-mode
The value of this option is the major mode used to edit Git commit
messages.
Because ‘git-commit-mode’ is a minor mode, we don’t use its mode hook
to setup the buffer, except for the key bindings. All other setup
happens in the function ‘git-commit-setup’, which among other things
runs the hook ‘git-commit-setup-hook’. The following functions are
suitable for that hook.
-- User Option: git-commit-setup-hook
Hook run at the end of ‘git-commit-setup’.
-- Function: magit-revert-buffers &optional force
Revert unmodified file-visiting buffers of the current repository.
If either ‘magit-revert-buffers’ is non-nil and
‘inhibit-magit-revert’ is nil, or if optional FORCE is non-nil,
then revert all unmodified buffers that visit files being tracked
in the current repository.
-- Function: git-commit-save-message
Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring.
-- Function: git-commit-setup-changelog-support
After this function is called, ChangeLog entries are treated as
paragraphs.
-- Function: git-commit-turn-on-auto-fill
Turn on ‘auto-fill-mode’ and set ‘fill-column’ to the value of
‘git-commit-fill-column’.
-- Function: git-commit-turn-on-flyspell
Turn on Flyspell mode. Also prevent comments from being checked
and finally check current non-comment text.
-- Function: git-commit-propertize-diff
Propertize the diff shown inside the commit message buffer. Git
inserts such diffs into the commit message template when the
‘--verbose’ argument is used. Magit’s commit popup by default does
not offer that argument because the diff that is shown in a
separate buffer is more useful. But some users disagree, which is
why this function exists.
-- Function: with-editor-usage-message
Show usage information in the echo area.
Magit also helps with writing *good* commit messages by complaining
when certain rules are violated.
-- User Option: git-commit-summary-max-length
The intended maximal length of the summary line of commit messages.
Characters beyond this column are colorized to indicate that this
preference has been violated.
-- User Option: git-commit-fill-column
Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen in commit
message buffers.
-- User Option: git-commit-finish-query-functions
List of functions called to query before performing commit.
The commit message buffer is current while the functions are
called. If any of them returns nil, then the commit is not
performed and the buffer is not killed. The user should then fix
the issue and try again.
The functions are called with one argument. If it is non-nil then
that indicates that the user used a prefix argument to force
finishing the session despite issues. Functions should usually
honor this wish and return non-nil.
-- Function: git-commit-check-style-conventions
Check for violations of certain basic style conventions. For each
violation ask the user if she wants to proceed anyway. This makes
sure the summary line isn’t too long and that the second line is
empty.
To show no diff while committing remove ‘magit-commit-diff’ from
‘server-switch-hook’.

File: magit.info, Node: Branching, Next: Merging, Prev: Committing, Up: Manipulating
6.5 Branching
=============
* Menu:
* The two remotes::
* The branch popup::
* The branch config popup::

File: magit.info, Node: The two remotes, Next: The branch popup, Up: Branching
6.5.1 The two remotes
---------------------
The upstream branch of some local branch is the branch into which the
commits on that local branch should eventually be merged, usually
something like ‘origin/master’. For the ‘master’ branch itself the
upstream branch and the branch it is being pushed to, are usually the
same remote branch. But for a feature branch the upstream branch and
the branch it is being pushed to should differ.
Feature branches too should _eventually_ end up in a remote branch
such as ‘origin/master’ or ‘origin/maint’. Such a branch should
therefore be used as the upstream. But feature branches shouldn’t be
pushed directly to such branches. Instead a feature branch ‘my-feature’
is usually pushed to ‘my-fork/my-feature’ or ‘origin/my-feature’. After
the new feature has been reviewed, the maintainer merges the feature
into ‘master’. And finally ‘master’ (not ‘my-feature’ itself) is pushed
to ‘origin/master’.
But new features seldom are perfect on the first try, and so feature
branches usually have to be improved and re-pushed many times. Pushing
should therefore be easy to do, and for that reason some users have
concluded that the remote branch to which a feature branch is being
pushed should be set as the upstream. Luckily Git has long ago gained
support for a push-remote which can be configured separately from the
upstream branch, using the variables ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ and
‘remote.pushDefault’, so we no longer have to choose which of the two
remotes should be used as "the remote".
Each of the fetching, pulling, and pushing popups features three
commands which act on the current branch and some other branch. Of
these, ‘p’ is bound to a command which acts on the push-remote, ‘u’ is
bound to a command which acts on the upstream, and ‘e’ is bound to a
command which acts on any other branch. The status buffer shows
unpushed and unpulled for both the push-remote and the upstream.
It’s fairly simple to configure these two remotes. The values of all
the variables that are related to fetching, pulling, and pushing (as
well as some other branch-related variables) can be inspected and
changed using the popup ‘magit-branch-config-popup’, which is a
sub-popup of many popups that deal with branches. It is also possible
to set the push-remote and/or upstream while pushing (see *note Pushing:
Pushing.).

File: magit.info, Node: The branch popup, Next: The branch config popup, Prev: The two remotes, Up: Branching
6.5.2 The branch popup
----------------------
The popup ‘magit-branch-popup’ is used to create and checkout branches,
and to make changes to existing branches. It is not used to fetch,
pull, merge, rebase, or push branches, i.e. this popup deals with
branches themselves, not with the commits reachable from them. Those
features are available from separate popups.
‘b’ (‘magit-branch-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup
buffer.
By default it also displays the values of some branch-related Git
variables and allows changing their values, just like the
specialized ‘magit-branch-config-popup’ does.
-- User Option: magit-branch-popup-show-variables
Whether the ‘magit-branch-popup’ shows Git variables. This
defaults to t to avoid changing key bindings. When set to nil, no
variables are displayed directly in this popup, and the sub-popup
‘magit-branch-config-popup’ has to be used indead to view and
change branch related variables.
‘b b’ (‘magit-checkout’)
Checkout a revision read in the minibuffer and defaulting to the
branch or arbitrary revision at point. If the revision is a local
branch then that becomes the current branch. If it is something
else then ‘HEAD’ becomes detached. Checkout fails if the working
tree or the staging area contain changes.
‘b n’ (‘magit-branch’)
Create a new branch. The user is asked for a branch or arbitrary
revision to use as the starting point of the new branch. When a
branch name is provided, then that becomes the upstream branch of
the new branch. The name of the new branch is also read in the
minibuffer.
Also see option ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’.
‘b c’ (‘magit-branch-and-checkout’)
This command creates a new branch like ‘magit-branch’, but then
also checks it out.
Also see option ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’.
‘b s’ (‘magit-branch-spinoff’)
This command creates and checks out a new branch starting at and
tracking the current branch. That branch in turn is reset to the
last commit it shares with its upstream. If the current branch has
no upstream or no unpushed commits, then the new branch is created
anyway and the previously current branch is not touched.
This is useful to create a feature branch after work has already
began on the old branch (likely but not necessarily "master").
If the current branch is a member of the value of option
‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’ (which see), then the current
branch will be used as the starting point as usual, but the
upstream of the starting-point may be used as the upstream of the
new branch, instead of the starting-point itself.
If optional FROM is non-nil, then the source branch is reset to
that commit, instead of to the last commit it shares with its
upstream. Interactively, FROM is non-nil, when the region selects
some commits, and among those commits, FROM it is the commit that
is the fewest commits ahead of the source branch.
The commit at the other end of the selection actually does not
matter, all commits between FROM and ‘HEAD’ are moved to the new
branch. If FROM is not reachable from ‘HEAD’ or is reachable from
the source branch’s upstream, then an error is raised.
‘b x’ (‘magit-branch-reset’)
This command resets a branch, defaulting to the branch at point, to
the tip of another branch or any other commit.
When the branch being reset is the current branch, then a hard
reset is performed. If there are any uncommitted changes, then the
user has to confirming the reset because those changes would be
lost.
This is useful when you have started work on a feature branch but
realize it’s all crap and want to start over.
When resetting to another branch and a prefix argument is used,
then the target branch is set as the upstream of the branch that is
being reset.
‘b k’ (‘magit-branch-delete’)
Delete one or multiple branches. If the region marks multiple
branches, then offer to delete those. Otherwise, prompt for a
single branch to be deleted, defaulting to the branch at point.
‘b r’ (‘magit-branch-rename’)
Rename a branch. The branch and the new name are read in the
minibuffer. With prefix argument the branch is renamed even if
that name conflicts with an existing branch.
-- User Option: magit-branch-read-upstream-first
When creating a branch, whether to read the upstream branch before
the name of the branch that is to be created. The default is
‘nil’, and I recommend you leave it at that.
-- User Option: magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream
This option specifies whether remote upstreams are favored over
local upstreams when creating new branches.
When a new branch is created, Magit offers the branch, commit, or
stash as the default starting point of the new branch. If there is
no such thing at point, then it falls back to offer the current
branch as starting-point. The user may then accept that default or
pick something else.
If the chosen starting-point is a branch, then it may also be set
as the upstream of the new branch, depending on the value of the
Git variable ‘branch.autoSetupMerge’. By default this is done for
remote branches, but not for local branches.
You might prefer to always use some remote branch as upstream. If
the chosen starting-point is (1) a local branch, (2) whose name
matches a member of the value of this option, (3) the upstream of
that local branch is a remote branch with the same name, and (4)
that remote branch can be fast-forwarded to the local branch, then
the chosen branch is used as starting-point, but its own upstream
is used as the upstream of the new branch.
Members of this option’s value are treated as branch names that
have to match exactly unless they contain a character that makes
them invalid as a branch name. Recommended characters to use to
trigger interpretation as a regexp are "*" and "^". Some other
characters which you might expect to be invalid, actually are not,
e.g. ".+$" are all perfectly valid. More precisely, if ‘git
check-ref-format –branch STRING’ exits with a non-zero status, then
treat STRING as a regexp.
Assuming the chosen branch matches these conditions you would end
up with with e.g.:
feature --upstream--> origin/master
instead of
feature --upstream--> master --upstream--> origin/master
Which you prefer is a matter of personal preference. If you do
prefer the former, then you should add branches such as ‘master’,
‘next’, and ‘maint’ to the value of this options.
-- User Option: magit-branch-adjust-remote-upstream-alist
The value of this option is an alist of branches to be used as the
upstream when branching a remote branch.
When creating a local branch from an ephemeral branch located on a
remote, e.g. a feature or hotfix branch, then that remote branch
should usually not be used as the upstream branch, since the
push-remote already allows accessing it and having both the
upstream and the push-remote reference the same related branch
would be wasteful. Instead a branch like "maint" or "master"
should be used as the upstream.
This option allows specifing the branch that should be used as the
upstream when branching certain remote branches. The value is an
alist of the form ‘((UPSTREAM . RULE)...)’. The first matching
element is used, the following elements are ignored.
UPSTREAM is the branch to be used as the upstream for branches
specified by RULE. It can be a local or a remote branch.
RULE can either be a regular expression, matching branches whose
upstream should be the one specified by UPSTREAM. Or it can be a
list of the only branches that should *not* use UPSTREAM; all other
branches will. Matching is done after stripping the remote part of
the name of the branch that is being branched from.
If you use a finite set of non-ephemeral branches across all your
repositories, then you might use something like:
(("origin/master" "master" "next" "maint"))
Or if the names of all your ephemeral branches contain a slash, at
least in some repositories, then a good value could be:
(("origin/master" . "/"))
Of course you can also fine-tune:
(("origin/maint" . "\\`hotfix/")
("origin/master" . "\\`feature/"))
-- Command: magit-branch-orphan
This command creates and checks out a new orphan branch with
contents from a given revision.

File: magit.info, Node: The branch config popup, Prev: The branch popup, Up: Branching
6.5.3 The branch config popup
-----------------------------
-- Command: magit-branch-popup
This prefix command shows the following branch-related Git
variables in a popup buffer. The values can be changed from that
buffer.
This popup is a sub-popup of several popups that deal with
branches, including ‘magit-branch-popup’, ‘magit-pull-popup’,
‘magit-fetch-popup’, ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’, and
‘magit-push-popup’. In all of these popups "C" is bound to this
popup.
The following variables are used to configure a specific branch. The
values are being displayed for the current branch (if any). To change
the value for another branch invoke ‘magit-branch-config-popup’ with a
prefix argument.
-- Variable: branch.NAME.merge
Together with ‘branch.NAME.remote’ this variable defines the
upstream branch of the local branch named NAME. The value of this
variable is the full reference of the upstream _branch_.
-- Variable: branch.NAME.remote
Together with ‘branch.NAME.merge’ this variable defines the
upstream branch of the local branch named NAME. The value of this
variable is the name of the upstream _remote_.
-- Variable: branch.NAME.rebase
This variable controls whether pulling into the branch named NAME
is done by rebasing or by merging the fetched branch.
• When ‘true’ then pulling is done by rebasing.
• When ‘false’ then pulling is done by merging.
• When undefined then the value of ‘pull.rebase’ is used. The
default of that variable is ‘false’.
-- Variable: branch.NAME.pushRemote
This variable specifies the remote that the branch named NAME is
usually pushed to. The value has to be the name of an existing
remote.
It is not possible to specify the name of _branch_ to push the
local branch to. The name of the remote branch is always the same
as the name of the local branch.
If this variable is undefined but ‘remote.pushDefault’ is defined,
then the value of the latter is used. By default
‘remote.pushDefault’ is undefined.
-- Variable: branch.NAME.description
This variable can be used to describe the branch named NAME. That
description is used e.g. when turning the branch into a series of
patches.
The following variables specify defaults which are used if the above
branch-specific variables are not set.
-- Variable: pull.rebase
This variable specifies whether pulling is done by rebasing or by
merging. It can be overwritten using ‘branch.NAME.rebase’.
• When ‘true’ then pulling is done by rebasing.
• When ‘false’ (the default) then pulling is done by merging.
Since it is never a good idea to merge the upstream branch into a
feature or hotfix branch and most branches are such branches, you
should consider setting this to ‘true’, and ‘branch.master.rebase’
to ‘false’.
-- Variable: remote.pushDefault
This variable specifies what remote the local branches are usually
pushed to. This can be overwritten per branch using
‘branch.NAME.pushRemote’.
The following variables are used during the creation of a branch and
control whether the various branch-specific variables are automatically
set at this time.
-- Variable: branch.autoSetupMerge
This variable specifies under what circumstances creating a branch
NAME should result in the variables ‘branch.NAME.merge’ and
‘branch.NAME.remote’ being set according to the starting point used
to create the branch. If the starting point isn’t a branch, then
these variables are never set.
• When ‘always’ then the variables are set regardless of whether
the starting point is a local or a remote branch.
• When ‘true’ (the default) then the variables are set when the
starting point is a remote branch, but not when it is a local
branch.
• When ‘false’ then the variables are never set.
-- Variable: branch.autoSetupRebase
This variable specifies whether creating a branch NAME should
result in the variable ‘branch.NAME.rebase’ being set to ‘true’.
• When ‘always’ then the variable is set regardless of whether
the starting point is a local or a remote branch.
• When ‘local’ then the variable are set when the starting point
is a local branch, but not when it is a remote branch.
• When ‘remote’ then the variable are set when the starting
point is a remote branch, but not when it is a local branch.
• When ‘never’ (the default) then the variable is never set.
Note that the respective commands always change the repository-local
values. If you want to change the global value, which is used when the
local value is undefined, then you have to do so on the command line,
e.g.:
git config --global remote.autoSetupMerge always
For more information about these variables you should also see
*note (gitman)git-config:: . Also see *note (gitman)git-branch:: ,
*note (gitman)git-checkout:: , and *note Pushing: Pushing.
-- User Option: magit-prefer-remote-upstream
This option controls whether commands that read a branch from the
user and then set it as the upstream branch, offer a local or a
remote branch as default completion candidate, when they have the
choice.
This affects all commands that use ‘magit-read-upstream-branch’ or
‘magit-read-starting-point’, which includes all commands that
change the upstream and many which create new branches.

File: magit.info, Node: Merging, Next: Resolving conflicts, Prev: Branching, Up: Manipulating
6.6 Merging
===========
Also see *note (gitman)git-merge:: . For information on how to resolve
merge conflicts see the next section.
‘m’ (‘magit-merge-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
When no merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features the
following commands.
‘m m’ (‘magit-merge’)
Merge another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current
branch. The branch or revision to be merged is read in the
minibuffer and defaults to the one at point.
Unless there are conflicts or a prefix argument is used, the
resulting merge commit uses a generic commit message, and the user
does not get a chance to inspect or change it before the commit is
created. With a prefix argument this does not actually create the
merge commit, which makes it possible to inspect how conflicts were
resolved and to adjust the commit message.
‘m e’ (‘magit-merge-editmsg’)
Merge another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current
branch and open a commit message buffer, so that the user can make
adjustments. The commit is not actually created until the user
finishes with ‘C-c C-c’.
‘m n’ (‘magit-merge-nocommit’)
Merge another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current
branch, but do not actually create the commit. The user can then
further adjust the merge, even when automatic conflict resolution
succeeded and/or adjust the commit message.
‘m p’ (‘magit-merge-preview’)
Preview result of merging another branch or an arbitrary revision
into the current branch.
When a merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features these
commands instead.
‘m m’ (‘magit-merge’)
After resolving conflicts, proceed with the merge. If there are
still conflicts, then this fails.
‘m a’ (‘magit-merge-abort’)
Abort the current merge operation.

File: magit.info, Node: Resolving conflicts, Next: Rebasing, Prev: Merging, Up: Manipulating
6.7 Resolving conflicts
=======================
When merging branches (or otherwise combining or changing history)
conflicts can occur. If you edited two completely different parts of
the same file in two branches and then merge one of these branches into
the other, then Git can resolve that on its own, but if you edit the
same area of a file, then a human is required to decide how the two
versions, or "sides of the conflict", are to be combined into one.
Here we can only provide a brief introduction to the subject and
point you toward some tools that can help. If you are new to this, then
please also consult Git’s own documentation as well as other resources.
If a file has conflicts and Git cannot resolve them by itself, then
it puts both versions into the affected file along with special markers
whose purpose is to denote the boundaries of the unresolved part of the
file and between the different versions. These boundary lines begin
with the strings "<<<<", "|||||||", "=======", and ">>>>" and are
followed by information about the source of the respective versions,
e.g.:
<<<<<<< HEAD
Take the blue pill.
=======
Take the red pill.
>>>>>>> feature
In this case you have chosen to take the red pill on one branch and
on another you picked the blue pill. Now that you are merging these two
diverging branches, Git cannot possibly know which pill you want to
take.
To resolve that conflict you have to create a version of the affected
area of the file by keeping only one of the sides, possibly by editing
it in order to bring in the changes from the other side, remove the
other versions as well as the markers, and then stage the result. A
possible resolution might be:
Take both pills.
Often it is useful to see not only the two sides of the conflict but
also the "original" version from before the same area of the file was
modified twice on different branches. Instruct Git to insert that
version as well by running this command once:
git config --global merge.conflictStyle diff3
The above conflict might then have looked like this:
<<<<<<< HEAD
Take the blue pill.
||||||| merged common ancestors
Take either the blue or the red pill, but not both.
=======
Take the red pill.
>>>>>>> feature
If that were the case, then the above conflict resolution would not
have been correct, which demonstrates why seeing the original version
alongside the conflicting versions can be useful.
You can perform the conflict resolution completely by hand, but Emacs
also provides some packages that help in the process: Smerge, Ediff
(*note (ediff)Top::), and Emerge (*note (emacs)Emerge::). Magit does
not provide its own tools for conflict resolution, but it does make
using Smerge and Ediff more convenient. (Ediff supersedes Emerge, so
you probably don’t want to use the latter anyway.)
In the Magit status buffer, files with unresolved conflicts are
listed in the "Unstaged changes" and/or "Staged changes" sections. They
are prefixed with the word "unmerged", which in this context essentially
is a synonym for "unresolved".
Pressing ‘RET’ while point is on such a file section shows a buffer
visiting that file, turns on ‘smerge-mode’ in that buffer, and places
point inside the first area with conflicts. You should then resolve
that conflict using regular edit commands and/or Smerge commands.
Unfortunately Smerge does not have a manual, but you can get a list
of commands and binding ‘C-c ^ C-h’ and press ‘RET’ while point is on a
command name to read its documentation.
Normally you would edit one version and then tell Smerge to keep only
that version. Use ‘C-c ^ m’ (‘smerge-keep-mine)’ to keep the "HEAD"
version or ‘C-c ^ o’ (‘smerge-keep-other’) to keep the version that
follows "|||||||". Then use ‘C-c ^ n’ to move to the next conflicting
area in the same file. Once you are done resolving conflicts, return to
the Magit status buffer. The file should now be shown as "modified", no
longer as "unmerged", because Smerge automatically stages the file when
you save the buffer after resolving the last conflict.
Alternatively you could use Ediff, which uses separate buffers for
the different versions of the file. To resolve conflicts in a file
using Ediff press ‘e’ while point is on such a file in the status
buffer.
Ediff can be used for other purposes as well. For more information
on how to enter Ediff from Magit, see *note Ediffing: Ediffing.
Explaining how to use Ediff is beyond the scope of this manual, instead
see *note (ediff)Top::.
If you are unsure whether you should Smerge or Ediff, then use the
former. It is much easier to understand and use, and except for truely
complex conflicts, the latter is usually overkill.

File: magit.info, Node: Rebasing, Next: Cherry picking, Prev: Resolving conflicts, Up: Manipulating
6.8 Rebasing
============
Also see *note (gitman)git-rebase:: . For information on how to resolve
conflicts that occur during rebases see the preceding section.
‘r’ (‘magit-rebase-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
When no rebase is in progress, then the popup buffer features the
following commands.
Using one of these commands _starts_ a rebase sequence. Git might
then stop somewhere along the way, either because you told it to do so,
or because applying a commit failed due to a conflict. When that
happens, then the status buffer shows information about the rebase
sequence which is in progress in a section similar to a log section.
See *note Information about in-progress rebase: Information about
in-progress rebase.
‘r p’ (‘magit-rebase-onto-pushremote’)
Rebase the current branch onto ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’. If that
variable is unset, then rebase onto ‘remote.pushDefault’.
‘r u’ (‘magit-rebase-onto-upstream’)
Rebase the current branch onto its upstream branch.
‘r e’ (‘magit-rebase’)
Rebase the current branch onto a branch read in the minibuffer.
All commits that are reachable from head but not from the selected
branch TARGET are being rebased."
‘r o’ (‘magit-rebase-subset’)
Start a non-interactive rebase sequence with commits from START to
‘HEAD’ onto NEWBASE. START has to be selected from a list of recent
commits.
Note that the popup also features the infix argument ‘--interactive’.
This can be used to turn one of the above non-interactive rebase
variants into an interactive rebase.
For example if you want to clean up a feature branch and at the same
time rebase it onto ‘master’, then you could use ‘r-iu’. But we
recommend that you instead do that in two steps. First use ‘ri’ to
cleanup the feature branch, and then in a second step ‘ru’ to rebase it
onto ‘master’. That way if things turn out to be more complicated than
you thought and/or you make a mistake and have to start over, then you
only have to redo half the work.
Explicitly enabling ‘--interactive’ won’t have an effect on the
following commands as they always use that argument anyway, even if it
is not enabled in the popup.
‘r i’ (‘magit-rebase-interactive’)
Start an interactive rebase sequence.
‘r f’ (‘magit-rebase-autosquash’)
Combine squash and fixup commits with their intended targets.
‘r m’ (‘magit-rebase-edit-commit’)
Edit a single older commit using rebase.
‘r w’ (‘magit-rebase-reword-commit’)
Reword a single older commit using rebase.
When a rebase is in progress, then the popup buffer features these
commands instead.
‘r r’ (‘magit-rebase-continue’)
Restart the current rebasing operation.
In some cases this pops up a commit message buffer for you do edit.
With a prefix argument the old message is reused as-is.
‘r s’ (‘magit-rebase-skip’)
Skip the current commit and restart the current rebase operation.
‘r e’ (‘magit-rebase-edit’)
Edit the todo list of the current rebase operation.
‘r a’ (‘magit-rebase-abort’)
Abort the current rebase operation, restoring the original branch.
* Menu:
* Editing rebase sequences::
* Information about in-progress rebase::

File: magit.info, Node: Editing rebase sequences, Next: Information about in-progress rebase, Up: Rebasing
6.8.1 Editing rebase sequences
------------------------------
‘C-c C-c’ (‘with-editor-finish’)
Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0.
Git then uses the rebase instructions it finds in the file.
‘C-c C-k’ (‘with-editor-cancel’)
Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1.
Git then forgoes starting the rebase sequence.
‘RET’ (‘git-rebase-show-commit’)
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer and select
that buffer.
‘SPC’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up’)
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without
selecting that buffer. If the revision buffer is already visible
in another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that
window up.
‘DEL’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down’)
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without
selecting that buffer. If the revision buffer is already visible
in another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that
window down.
‘p’ (‘git-rebase-backward-line’)
Move to previous line.
‘n’ (‘forward-line’)
Move to next line.
‘M-p’ (‘git-rebase-move-line-up’)
Move the current commit (or command) up.
‘M-n’ (‘git-rebase-move-line-down’)
Move the current commit (or command) down.
‘r’ (‘git-rebase-reword’)
Edit message of commit on current line.
‘e’ (‘git-rebase-edit’)
Stop at the commit on the current line.
‘s’ (‘git-rebase-squash’)
Meld commit on current line into previous commit, and edit message.
‘f’ (‘git-rebase-fixup’)
Meld commit on current line into previous commit, discarding the
current commit’s message.
‘k’ (‘git-rebase-kill-line’)
Kill the current action line.
‘c’ (‘git-rebase-pick’)
Use commit on current line.
‘x’ (‘git-rebase-exec’)
Insert a shell command to be run after the proceeding commit.
If there already is such a command on the current line, then edit
that instead. With a prefix argument insert a new command even
when there already is one on the current line. With empty input
remove the command on the current line, if any.
‘y’ (‘git-rebase-insert’)
Read an arbitrary commit and insert it below current line.
‘C-x u’ (‘git-rebase-undo’)
Undo some previous changes. Like ‘undo’ but works in read-only
buffers.
-- User Option: git-rebase-auto-advance
Whether to move to next line after changing a line.
-- User Option: git-rebase-show-instructions
Whether to show usage instructions inside the rebase buffer.
-- User Option: git-rebase-confirm-cancel
Whether confirmation is required to cancel.

File: magit.info, Node: Information about in-progress rebase, Prev: Editing rebase sequences, Up: Rebasing
6.8.2 Information about in-progress rebase
------------------------------------------
While a rebase sequence is in progress, the status buffer features a
section which lists the commits that have already been applied as well
as the commits that still have to be applied.
The commits are split in two halves. When rebase stops at a commit,
either because the user has to deal with a conflict or explicitly
requested that rebase stops at that commit, then point is placed on the
commit that separates the two groups, i.e. on ‘HEAD’. The commits
above it have not been applied yet, while it and the commits below it
have already been applied. In between these two groups of applied and
yet-to-be applied commits, there sometimes is a commit which has been
dropped.
Each commit is prefixed with a word and these words are additionally
shown in different colors to indicate the status of the commits.
The following colors are used:
• Yellow commits have not been applied yet.
• Gray commits have already been applied.
• The blue commit is the ‘HEAD’ commit.
• The green commit is the commit the rebase sequence stopped at. If
this is the same commit as ‘HEAD’ (e.g. because you haven’t done
anything yet after rebase stopped at the commit, then this commit
is shown in blue, not green. There can only be a green and a blue
commit at the same time, if you create one or more new commits
after rebase stops at a commit.
• Red commits have been dropped. They are shown for reference only,
e.g. to make it easier to diff.
Of course these colors are subject to the color-theme in use.
The following words are used:
• Commits prefixed with ‘pick’, ‘reword’, ‘edit’, ‘squash’, and
‘fixup’ have not been applied yet. These words have the same
meaning here as they do in the buffer used to edit the rebase
sequence. See *note Editing rebase sequences: Editing rebase
sequences.
• The commit prefixed with ‘onto’ is the commit on top of which all
the other commits are being re-applied. Like the commits that have
already been re-applied, it is reachable from ‘HEAD’, but unlike
those it has not actually been re-applied during the current
session - it wasn’t touched at all.
• Commits prefixed with ‘done’ have already been re-applied. Not all
commits that have already been applied are prefixed with this word,
though.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘void’, then that indicates that
Magit knows for sure that all the changes in that commit have been
applied using several new commits. This commit is no longer
reachable from ‘HEAD’, and it also isn’t one of the commits that
will be applied when resuming the session.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘join’, then that indicates that the
rebase sequence stopped at that commit due to a conflict - you now
have to join (merge) the changes with what has already been
applied. In a sense this is the commit rebase stopped at, but
while its effect is already in the index and in the worktree (with
conflict markers), the commit itself has not actually been applied
yet (it isn’t the ‘HEAD’). So it is shown in yellow, like the
other commits that still have to be applied.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘goal’, ‘same’, or ‘work’, then that
indicates that you reset to an earlier commit (and that this commit
therefore is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’), but that it might
still be possible to create a new commit with the exact same tree
or at least the same patch-id (1), without manually editing any
file. Or at the very least that there are some uncommitted
remaining, which may or may not originate from that commit.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘goal’, then that indicates
that it is still possible to create a commit with the exact
same tree (the "goal") without manually editing a file, by
simply committing the index (or, provided nothing is already
staged, by staging all unstaged changes and then committing
that). This is the case when the original tree exists in the
index or worktree in untainted form.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘same’, then that indicates
that it is no longer possible to create a commit with the
exact same tree, but that it is still possible to create a
commit with the same patch-id. This would be the case if you
created a new commit with other changes, but the changes from
the original commit still exist in the index and/or working
tree in untainted form.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘work’, then that indicates
that you are working with the changes from that commit after
resetting to an earlier commit. There are changes in the
index and/or working tree and some of them likely originate
from that commit.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘poof’ or ‘gone’, then that
indicates that you reset to an earlier commit (and that this commit
therefore is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’), and that there are
no uncommitted changes remaining which might allow you to create a
new commit with the same tree or at least the same patch-id.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘poof’, then that indicates
that it is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’, but that it has
been replaced with one or more commits, which together have
the exact same effect.
• When a commit is prefixed with ‘gone’, then that indicates
that it is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’ and that we also
cannot determine whether its changes are still in effect in
one or more new commits. They might be, but if so, then there
must also be other changes which makes it impossible to know
for sure.
Do not worry if you do not fully understand the above. That’s okay,
you will acquire a good enough understanding through practice.
For other sequence operations such as cherry-picking, a similar
section is displayed, but they lack some of the features described
above, due to limitations in the git commands used to implement them.
Most importantly these sequences only support "picking" a commit but not
other actions such as "rewording", and they do not keep track of the
commits which have already been applied.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) The patch-id is a hash of the _changes_ introduced by commit. It
differs from hash of the commit itself, which is a hash of the result of
applying that change (i.e. the resulting trees and blobs) as well as
author and committer information, the commit message, and the hashes of
the parents of the commit. The patch-id hash on the other hand is
created only from the added and removed lines, even line numbers and
whitespace are created when calculating the hash. The patch-ids of two
commits can be used to answer the question "Do these two commits make
the same change?".

File: magit.info, Node: Cherry picking, Next: Resetting, Prev: Rebasing, Up: Manipulating
6.9 Cherry picking
==================
Also see *note (gitman)git-cherry-pick:: .
‘A’ (‘magit-cherry-pick-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer
features the following commands.
‘A A’ (‘magit-cherry-pick’)
Cherry-pick a commit. Prompt for a commit, defaulting to the
commit at point. If the region selects multiple commits, then pick
all of them, without prompting.
‘A a’ (‘magit-cherry-apply’)
Apply the changes in a commit to the working tree, but do not
commit them. Prompt for a commit, defaulting to the commit at
point. If the region selects multiple commits, then apply all of
them, without prompting.
This command also has a top-level binding, which can be invoked
without using the popup by typing ‘a’ at the top-level.
When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer
features these commands instead.
‘A A’ (‘magit-sequence-continue’)
Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.
‘A s’ (‘magit-sequence-skip’)
Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence.
‘A a’ (‘magit-sequence-abort’)
Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. This discards
all changes made since the sequence started.
* Menu:
* Reverting::

File: magit.info, Node: Reverting, Up: Cherry picking
6.9.1 Reverting
---------------
‘V’ (‘magit-revert-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer
features the following commands.
‘V V’ (‘magit-revert’)
Revert a commit by creating a new commit. Prompt for a commit,
defaulting to the commit at point. If the region selects multiple
commits, then revert all of them, without prompting.
‘V v’ (‘magit-revert-no-commit’)
Revert a commit by applying it in reverse to the working tree.
Prompt for a commit, defaulting to the commit at point. If the
region selects multiple commits, then revert all of them, without
prompting.
When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer
features these commands instead.
‘V A’ (‘magit-sequence-continue’)
Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.
‘V s’ (‘magit-sequence-skip’)
Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence.
‘V a’ (‘magit-sequence-abort’)
Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. This discards
all changes made since the sequence started.

File: magit.info, Node: Resetting, Next: Stashing, Prev: Cherry picking, Up: Manipulating
6.10 Resetting
==============
Also see *note (gitman)git-reset:: .
‘x’ (‘magit-reset’)
Reset the head and index to some commit read from the user and
defaulting to the commit at point. The working tree is kept as-is.
With a prefix argument also reset the working tree.
‘M-x magit-reset-index’ (‘magit-reset-index’)
Reset the index to some commit read from the user and defaulting to
the commit at point. Keep the ‘HEAD’ and working tree as-is, so if
the commit refers to the ‘HEAD’, then this effectively unstages all
changes.
‘M-x magit-reset-head’ (‘magit-reset-head’)
Reset the ‘HEAD’ and index to some commit read from the user and
defaulting to the commit at point. The working tree is kept as-is.
‘M-x magit-reset-soft’ (‘magit-reset-soft’)
Reset the ‘HEAD’ to some commit read from the user and defaulting
to the commit at point. The index and the working tree are kept
as-is.
‘M-x magit-reset-hard’ (‘magit-reset-hard’)
Reset the ‘HEAD’, index, and working tree to some commit read from
the user and defaulting to the commit at point.
‘M-x magit-checkout-file’ (‘magit-checkout-file’)
Update file in the working tree and index to the contents from a
revision.
Both the revision and file are read from the user.

File: magit.info, Node: Stashing, Prev: Resetting, Up: Manipulating
6.11 Stashing
=============
Also see *note (gitman)git-stash:: .
‘z’ (‘magit-stash-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘z z’ (‘magit-stash’)
Create a stash of the index and working tree. Untracked files are
included according to popup arguments. One prefix argument is
equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix arguments are
equivalent to ‘--all’.
‘z i’ (‘magit-stash-index’)
Create a stash of the index only. Unstaged and untracked changes
are not stashed.
‘z w’ (‘magit-stash-worktree’)
Create a stash of unstaged changes in the working tree. Untracked
files are included according to popup arguments. One prefix
argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix
arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’.
‘z x’ (‘magit-stash-keep-index’)
Create a stash of the index and working tree, keeping index intact.
Untracked files are included according to popup arguments. One
prefix argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two
prefix arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’.
‘z Z’ (‘magit-snapshot’)
Create a snapshot of the index and working tree. Untracked files
are included according to popup arguments. One prefix argument is
equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix arguments are
equivalent to ‘--all’.
‘z I’ (‘magit-snapshot-index’)
Create a snapshot of the index only. Unstaged and untracked
changes are not stashed.
‘z W’ (‘magit-snapshot-worktree’)
Create a snapshot of unstaged changes in the working tree.
Untracked files are included according to popup arguments. One
prefix argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two
prefix arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’-.
‘z a’ (‘magit-stash-apply’)
Apply a stash to the working tree. Try to preserve the stash
index. If that fails because there are staged changes, apply
without preserving the stash index.
‘z p’ (‘magit-stash-pop’)
Apply a stash to the working tree and remove it from stash list.
Try to preserve the stash index. If that fails because there are
staged changes, apply without preserving the stash index and forgo
removing the stash.
‘z k’ (‘magit-stash-drop’)
Remove a stash from the stash list. When the region is active,
offer to drop all contained stashes.
‘z l’ (‘magit-stash-list’)
List all stashes in a buffer.
‘z v’ (‘magit-stash-show’)
Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer.
‘z b’ (‘magit-stash-branch’)
Create and checkout a new BRANCH from STASH.
‘z f’ (‘magit-stash-format-patch’)
Create a patch from STASH.
‘k’ (‘magit-stash-clear’)
Remove all stashes saved in REF’s reflog by deleting REF.

File: magit.info, Node: Transferring, Next: Miscellaneous, Prev: Manipulating, Up: Top
7 Transferring
**************
* Menu:
* Remotes::
* Fetching::
* Pulling::
* Pushing::
* Creating and sending patches::
* Applying patches::

File: magit.info, Node: Remotes, Next: Fetching, Up: Transferring
7.1 Remotes
===========
Also see *note (gitman)git-remote:: .
‘M’ (‘magit-remote-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘M a’ (‘magit-remote-add’)
Add a remote and fetch it. The remote name and url are read in the
minibuffer.
‘M r’ (‘magit-remote-rename’)
Rename a remote. Both the old and the new names are read in the
minibuffer.
‘M u’ (‘magit-remote-set-url’)
Change the url of a remote. Both the remote and the new url are
read in the minibuffer.
‘M k’ (‘magit-remote-remove’)
Delete a remote, read from the minibuffer.
-- User Option: magit-remote-add-set-remote.pushDefault
Whether to set the value of ‘remote.pushDefault’ after adding a
remote.
If ‘ask’, then always ask. If ‘ask-if-unset’, then ask, but only
if the variable isn’t set already. If ‘nil’, then don’t ever set.
If the value is a string, then set without asking, provided the
name of the name of the added remote is equal to that string and
the variable isn’t already set.

File: magit.info, Node: Fetching, Next: Pulling, Prev: Remotes, Up: Transferring
7.2 Fetching
============
For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the
_push-remote_, see *note Branching: Branching.
Also see *note (gitman)git-fetch:: .
‘f’ (‘magit-fetch-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘f p’ (‘magit-fetch-from-pushremote’)
Fetch from the push-remote of the current branch.
‘f u’ (‘magit-fetch-from-upstream’)
Fetch from the upstream of the current branch.
‘f e’ (‘magit-fetch’)
Fetch from another repository.
‘f o’ (‘magit-fetch-branch’)
Fetch a branch from a remote, both of which are read from the
minibuffer.
‘f r’ (‘magit-fetch-refspec’)
Fetch from a remote using an explicit refspec, both of which are
read from the minibuffer.
‘f a’ (‘magit-fetch-all’)
Fetch from all remotes.
‘f m’ (‘magit-submodule-fetch’)
Fetch all submodules. With a prefix argument fetch all remotes of
all submodules.
Instead of using one popup for fetching and another for pulling, you
could also use ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’. See its doc-string for
more information.

File: magit.info, Node: Pulling, Next: Pushing, Prev: Fetching, Up: Transferring
7.3 Pulling
===========
For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the
_push-remote_, see *note Branching: Branching.
Also see *note (gitman)git-pull:: .
‘F’ (‘magit-pull-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup
buffer.
‘F p’ (‘magit-pull-from-pushremote’)
Pull from the push-remote of the current branch.
‘F u’ (‘magit-pull-from-upstream’)
Pull from the upstream of the current branch.
‘F e’ (‘magit-pull’)
Pull from a branch read in the minibuffer.
Instead of using one popup for fetching and another for pulling, you
could also use ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’. See its doc-string for
more information.

File: magit.info, Node: Pushing, Next: Creating and sending patches, Prev: Pulling, Up: Transferring
7.4 Pushing
===========
For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the
_push-remote_, see *note Branching: Branching.
Also see *note (gitman)git-push:: .
‘P’ (‘magit-push-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘P p’ (‘magit-push-current-to-pushremote’)
Push the current branch to ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ or if that is
unset to ‘remote.pushDefault’.
When ‘magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing’ is non-nil and the
push-remote is not configured, then read the push-remote from the
user, set it, and then push to it. With a prefix argument the
push-remote can be changed before pushed to it.
‘P u’ (‘magit-push-current-to-upstream’)
Push the current branch to its upstream branch.
When ‘magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing’ is non-nil and the
push-remote is not configured, then read the upstram from the user,
set it, and then push to it. With a prefix argument the
push-remote can be changed before pushed to it.
‘P e’ (‘magit-push-current’)
Push the current branch to a branch read in the minibuffer.
‘P o’ (‘magit-push’)
Push an arbitrary branch or commit somewhere. Both the source and
the target are read in the minibuffer.
‘P r’ (‘magit-push-refspecs’)
Push one or multiple refspecs to a remote, both of which are read
in the minibuffer.
To use multiple refspecs, separate them with commas. Completion is
only available for the part before the colon, or when no colon is
used.
‘P m’ (‘magit-push-matching’)
Push all matching branches to another repository. If multiple
remotes exit, then read one from the user. If just one exists, use
that without requiring confirmation.
‘P t’ (‘magit-push-tags’)
Push all tags to another repository. If only one remote exists,
then push to that. Otherwise prompt for a remote, offering the
remote configured for the current branch as default.
‘P T’ (‘magit-push-tag’)
Push a tag to another repository.
Two more push commands exist, which by default are not available from
the push popup. See their doc-strings for instructions on how to add
them to the popup.
-- Command: magit-push-implicitly args
Push somewhere without using an explicit refspec.
This command simply runs ‘git push -v [ARGS]’. ARGS are the
arguments specified in the popup buffer. No explicit refspec
arguments are used. Instead the behavior depends on at least these
Git variables: ‘push.default’, ‘remote.pushDefault’,
‘branch.<branch>.pushRemote’, ‘branch.<branch>.remote’,
‘branch.<branch>.merge’, and ‘remote.<remote>.push’.
-- Command: magit-push-to-remote remote args
Push to the remote REMOTE without using an explicit refspec. The
remote is read in the minibuffer.
This command simply runs ‘git push -v [ARGS] REMOTE’. ARGS are the
arguments specified in the popup buffer. No refspec arguments are
used. Instead the behavior depends on at least these Git
variables: ‘push.default’, ‘remote.pushDefault’,
‘branch.<branch>.pushRemote’, ‘branch.<branch>.remote’,
‘branch.<branch>.merge’, and ‘remote.<remote>.push’.
-- User Option: magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing
This option controls whether missing remotes are configured before
pushing.
When ‘nil’, then the command ‘magit-push-current-to-pushremote’ and
‘magit-push-current-to-upstream’ do not appear in the push popup if
the push-remote resp. upstream is not configured. If the user
invokes one of these commands anyway, then it raises an error.
When ‘non-nil’, then these commands always appear in the push
popup. But if the required configuration is missing, then they do
appear in a way that indicates that this is the case. If the user
invokes one of them, then it asks for the necessary configuration,
stores the configuration, and then uses it to push a first time.
This option also affects whether the argument ‘--set-upstream’ is
available in the popup. If the value is ‘non-nil’, then that
argument is redundant. But note that changing the value of this
option does not take affect immediately, the argument will only be
added or removed after restarting Emacs.

File: magit.info, Node: Creating and sending patches, Next: Applying patches, Prev: Pushing, Up: Transferring
7.5 Creating and sending patches
================================
‘W’ (‘magit-patch-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘W p’ (‘magit-format-patch’)
Create patches for a set commits. If the region marks commits,
then create patches for those. Otherwise prompt for a range or a
single commit, defaulting to the commit at point.
‘W r’ (‘magit-request-pull’)
Request that upstream pulls from your public repository.

File: magit.info, Node: Applying patches, Prev: Creating and sending patches, Up: Transferring
7.6 Applying patches
====================
Also see *note (gitman)git-am:: .
‘w’ (‘magit-am-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘w w’ (‘magit-am-apply-patches’)
Apply one or more patches. If the region marks files, then apply
those patches. Otherwise read a file name in the minibuffer
defaulting to the file at point.
‘w m’ (‘magit-am-apply-maildir’)
Apply the patches from a maildir.
‘w w’ (‘magit-am-continue’)
Resume the current patch applying sequence.
‘w s’ (‘magit-am-skip’)
Skip the stopped at patch during a patch applying sequence.
‘w a’ (‘magit-am-abort’)
Abort the current patch applying sequence. This discards all
changes made since the sequence started.

File: magit.info, Node: Miscellaneous, Next: Customizing, Prev: Transferring, Up: Top
8 Miscellaneous
***************
* Menu:
* Tagging::
* Notes::
* Submodules::
* Subtree::
* Common commands::
* Wip modes::
* Minor mode for buffers visiting files::
* Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs::

File: magit.info, Node: Tagging, Next: Notes, Up: Miscellaneous
8.1 Tagging
===========
Also see *note (gitman)git-tag:: .
‘t’ (‘magit-tag-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘t t’ (‘magit-tag’)
Create a new tag with the given NAME at REV. With a prefix argument
annotate the tag.
‘t k’ (‘magit-tag-delete’)
Delete one or more tags. If the region marks multiple tags (and
nothing else), then offer to delete those. Otherwise, prompt for a
single tag to be deleted, defaulting to the tag at point.
‘t p’ (‘magit-tag-prune’)
Offer to delete tags missing locally from REMOTE, and vice versa.

File: magit.info, Node: Notes, Next: Submodules, Prev: Tagging, Up: Miscellaneous
8.2 Notes
=========
Also see *note (gitman)git-notes:: .
‘T’ (‘magit-notes-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘T T’ (‘magit-notes-edit’)
Edit the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at
point.
By default use the value of Git variable ‘core.notesRef’ or
"refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.
‘T r’ (‘magit-notes-remove’)
Remove the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at
point.
By default use the value of Git variable ‘core.notesRef’ or
"refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.
‘T p’ (‘magit-notes-prune’)
Remove notes about unreachable commits.
‘T s’ (‘magit-notes-set-ref’)
Set the current notes ref to a the value read from the user. The
ref is made current by setting the value of the Git variable
‘core.notesRef’. With a prefix argument change the global value
instead of the value in the current repository. When this is
undefined, then "refs/notes/commit" is used.
Other ‘magit-notes-*’ commands, as well as the sub-commands of
Git’s ‘note’ command, default to operate on that ref.
‘T S’ (‘magit-notes-set-display-refs’)
Set notes refs to be display in addition to "core.notesRef". This
reads a colon separated list of notes refs from the user. The
values are stored in the Git variable ‘notes.displayRef’. With a
prefix argument GLOBAL change the global values instead of the
values in the current repository.
It is possible to merge one note ref into another. That may result
in conflicts which have to resolved in the temporary worktree
".git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE".
‘T m’ (‘magit-notes-merge’)
Merge the notes of a ref read from the user into the current notes
ref. The current notes ref is the value of Git variable
‘core.notesRef’ or "refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.
When a notes merge is in progress then the popup features the
following suffix commands, instead of those listed above.
‘T c’ (‘magit-notes-merge-commit’)
Commit the current notes ref merge, after manually resolving
conflicts.
‘T a’ (‘magit-notes-merge-abort’)
Abort the current notes ref merge.

File: magit.info, Node: Submodules, Next: Subtree, Prev: Notes, Up: Miscellaneous
8.3 Submodules
==============
Also see *note (gitman)git-submodule:: .
* Menu:
* Listing submodules::
* Submodule popup::

File: magit.info, Node: Listing submodules, Next: Submodule popup, Up: Submodules
8.3.1 Listing submodules
------------------------
The command ‘magit-list-submodule’ displays a list of the current
repository’s submodules in a separate buffer. It’s also possible to
display information about submodules directly in the status buffer of
the super-repository by adding ‘magit-insert-submodules’ to the hook
‘magit-status-sections-hook’.
-- Command: magit-list-submodules
This command displays a list of the current repository’s submodules
in a separate buffer.
It can be invoked by pressing ‘RET’ on the section titled
"Modules".
-- User Option: magit-submodule-list-columns
This option controls what columns are displayed by the command
‘magit-list-submodules’ and how they are displayed.
Each element has the form ‘(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)’.
HEADER is the string displayed in the header. WIDTH is the width
of the column. FORMAT is a function that is called with one
argument, the repository identification (usually its basename), and
with ‘default-directory’ bound to the toplevel of its working tree.
It has to return a string to be inserted or nil. PROPS is an alist
that supports the keys ‘:right-align’ and ‘:pad-right’.
-- Function: magit-insert-submodules
Insert sections for all submodules. For each section insert the
path, the branch, and the output of ‘git describe --tags’.
Press ‘RET’ on such a submodule section to show its own status
buffer. Press ‘RET’ on the "Modules" section to display a list of
submodules in a separate buffer. This shows additional information
not displayed in the super-repository’s status buffer.

File: magit.info, Node: Submodule popup, Prev: Listing submodules, Up: Submodules
8.3.2 Submodule popup
---------------------
‘o’ (‘magit-submodule-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
‘o a’ (‘magit-submodule-add’)
Add the repository at URL as a submodule. Optional PATH is the
path to the submodule relative to the root of the super-project.
If it is nil then the path is determined based on URL.
‘o b’ (‘magit-submodule-setup’)
Clone and register missing submodules and checkout appropriate
commits.
‘o i’ (‘magit-submodule-init’)
Register submodules listed in ".gitmodules" into ".git/config".
‘o u’ (‘magit-submodule-update’)
Clone missing submodules and checkout appropriate commits. With a
prefix argument also register submodules in ".git/config".
‘o s’ (‘magit-submodule-sync’)
Update each submodule’s remote URL according to ".gitmodules".
‘o f’ (‘magit-submodule-fetch’)
Fetch submodule. With a prefix argument fetch all remotes.
‘o i’ (‘magit-submodule-init’)
Unregister the submodule at PATH.

File: magit.info, Node: Subtree, Next: Common commands, Prev: Submodules, Up: Miscellaneous
8.4 Subtree
===========
Also see *note (gitman)git-subtree:: .
‘O’ (‘magit-tree-popup’)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with
the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
Most infix arguments only apply to some of the ‘git subtree’
subcommands. When an argument that does not apply to the invoked
command is set, then it is silently ignored.
When the ‘--prefix’ argument is set in the popup buffer, then that is
used. Otherwise the prefix is read in the minibuffer.
‘O a’ (‘magit-subtree-add’)
Add COMMIT from REPOSITORY as a new subtree at PREFIX.
‘O c’ (‘magit-subtree-add-commit’)
Add COMMIT as a new subtree at PREFIX.
‘O m’ (‘magit-subtree-merge’)
Merge COMMIT into the PREFIX subtree.
‘O f’ (‘magit-subtree-pull’)
Pull COMMIT from REPOSITORY into the PREFIX subtree.
‘O p’ (‘magit-subtree-push’)
Extract the history of the subtree PREFIX and push it to REF on
REPOSITORY.
‘O s’ (‘magit-subtree-split’)
Extract the history of the subtree PREFIX.

File: magit.info, Node: Common commands, Next: Wip modes, Prev: Subtree, Up: Miscellaneous
8.5 Common commands
===================
These are some of the commands that can be used in all buffers whose
major-modes derive from ‘magit-mode’. There are other common commands
beside the ones below, but these didn’t fit well anywhere else.
‘M-w’ (‘magit-copy-section-value’)
This command saves the value of the current section to the
‘kill-ring’, and, provided that the current section is a commit,
branch, or tag section, it also pushes the (referenced) revision to
the ‘magit-revision-stack’.
When the current section is a branch or a tag, and a prefix
argument is used, then it saves the revision at its tip to the
‘kill-ring’ instead of the reference name.
‘C-w’ (‘magit-copy-buffer-revision’)
This command save the revision being displayed in the current
buffer to the ‘kill-ring’ and also pushes it to the
‘magit-revision-stack’. It is mainly intended for use in
‘magit-revision-mode’ buffers, the only buffers where it is always
unambiguous exactly which revision should be saved.
Most other Magit buffers usually show more than one revision, in
some way or another, so this command has to select one of them, and
that choice might not always be the one you think would have been
the best pick.
Outside of Magit ‘M-w’ and ‘C-w’ are usually bound to
‘kill-ring-save’ and ‘kill-region’, and these commands would also be
useful in Magit buffers. Therefore when the region is active, then both
of these commands behave like ‘kill-ring-save’ instead of as described
above.

File: magit.info, Node: Wip modes, Next: Minor mode for buffers visiting files, Prev: Common commands, Up: Miscellaneous
8.6 Wip modes
=============
Git keeps *committed* changes around long enough for users to recover
changes they have accidentally deleted. It does so by not garbage
collecting any committed but no longer referenced objects for a certain
period of time, by default 30 days.
But Git does *not* keep track of *uncommitted* changes in the working
tree and not even the index (the staging area). Because Magit makes it
so convenient to modify uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to
shoot yourself in the foot in the process.
For that reason Magit provides three global modes that save *tracked*
files to work-in-progress references after or before certain actions.
(Untracked files are never saved and these modes also only work after
the first commit has been created).
Two separate work-in-progress references are used to track the state
of the index and of the working tree: "refs/wip/index/<branchref>" and
"refs/wip/wtree/<branchref>", where ‘<branchref>’ is the full ref of the
current branch, e.g. "refs/heads/master". When the ‘HEAD’ is detached
then "HEAD" is in place of ‘<branchref>’.
Checking out another branch (or detaching ‘HEAD’) causes the use of
different wip refs for subsequent changes, but the old refs are not
deleted.
Creating a commit and then making a change causes the wip refs to be
recreated to fork from the new commit. But the old commits on the wip
refs are not lost. They are still available from the reflog. To make
it easier to see when the fork point of a wip ref was changed, an
additional commit with the message "restart autosaving" is created on it
(‘xxO’ commits below are such boundary commits).
Starting with
BI0---BI1 refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master
/
A---B refs/heads/master
\
BW0---BW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master
and committing the staged changes and editing and saving a file would
result in
BI0---BI1 refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master
/
A---B---C refs/heads/master
\ \
\ CW0---CW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master
\
BW0---BW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master@{2}
The fork-point of the index wip ref is not changed until some change
is being staged. Likewise just checking out a branch or creating a
commit does not change the fork-point of the working tree wip ref. The
fork-points are not adjusted until there actually is a change that
should be committed to the respective wip ref.
To view the log for the a branch and its wip refs use the commands
‘magit-wip-log’ and ‘magit-wip-log-current’. You should use ‘--graph’
when using these commands. Alternatively you can use the reflog to show
all commits that ever existed on a wip ref. You can then recover lost
changes from the commits shown in the log or reflog.
-- Command: magit-wip-log
This command shows the log for a branch and its wip refs.
With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown.
The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many
"branches" of each wip ref are shown.
-- Command: magit-wip-log-current
This command shows the log for the current branch and its wip refs.
With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown.
The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many
"branches" of each wip ref are shown.
There exists a total of three global modes that save to the wip refs,
which might seem excessive, but allows fine tuning of when exactly
changes are being committed to the wip refs. Enabling all modes makes
it less likely that a change slips through the cracks.
Setting the below variable directly does not take effect; either
customize them or call the respective mode function.
-- User Option: magit-wip-after-save-mode
When this mode is enabled, then saving a buffer that visits a file
tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be
committed to the working tree wip ref for the current branch.
-- User Option: magit-wip-after-apply-mode
When this mode is enabled, then applying (i.e. staging, unstaging,
discarding, reversing, and regularly applying) a change to a file
tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be
committed to the index and/or working tree wip refs for the current
branch.
If you only ever edit files using Emacs and only ever interact with
Git using Magit, then the above two modes should be enough to protect
each and every change from accidental loss. In practice nobody does
that. So an additional mode exists that does commit to the wip refs
before making changes that could cause the loss of earlier changes.
-- User Option: magit-wip-before-change-mode
When this mode is enabled, then certain commands commit the
existing changes to the files they are about to make changes to.
Note that even if you enable all three modes this won’t give you
perfect protection. The most likely scenario for losing changes despite
the use of these modes is making a change outside Emacs and then
destroying it also outside Emacs. In such a scenario, Magit, being an
Emacs package, didn’t get the opportunity to keep you from shooting
yourself in the foot.
When you are unsure whether Magit did commit a change to the wip
refs, then you can explicitly request that all changes to all tracked
files are being committed.
‘M-x magit-wip-commit’ (‘magit-wip-commit’)
This command commits all changes to all tracked files to the index
and working tree work-in-progress refs. Like the modes described
above, it does not commit untracked files, but it does check all
tracked files for changes. Use this command when you suspect that
the modes might have overlooked a change made outside Emacs/Magit.
-- User Option: magit-wip-after-save-local-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-after-save-local-mode’.
-- User Option: magit-wip-after-apply-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-after-apply-mode’.
-- User Option: magit-wip-before-change-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-before-change-mode’.
-- User Option: magit-wip-namespace
The namespace used for work-in-progress refs. It has to end with a
slash. The wip refs are named "<namespace>index/<branchref>" and
"<namespace>wtree/<branchref>". When snapshots are created while
the ‘HEAD’ is detached then "HEAD" is used in place of
‘<branchref>’.

File: magit.info, Node: Minor mode for buffers visiting files, Next: Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs, Prev: Wip modes, Up: Miscellaneous
8.7 Minor mode for buffers visiting files
=========================================
The ‘magit-file-mode’ enables certain Magit features in file-visiting
buffers belonging to a Git repository. It should be enabled globally
using ‘global-magit-file-mode’. Currently this mode only establishes a
few key bindings, but this might be extended in the future.
-- User Option: magit-file-mode
Whether to establish certain Magit key bindings in all
file-visiting buffers belonging to a Git repository. This
establishes the bindings suggested in *note Getting started:
Getting started. (but only for file-visiting buffers), and
additionally binds ‘C-c M-g’ to ‘magit-file-popup’.
‘C-c M-g’ (‘magit-file-popup’)
This prefix command shows a popup buffer featuring suffix commands
that operate on the file being visited in the current buffer.
‘C-c M-g s’ (‘magit-stage-file’)
Stage all changes to the file being visited in the current buffer.
‘C-c M-g u’ (‘magit-unstage-file’)
Unstage all changes to the file being visited in the current
buffer.
‘C-c M-g c’ (‘magit-commit-popup’)
This prefix command shows suffix commands along with the
appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note
Initiating a commit: Initiating a commit.
‘C-c M-g D’ (‘magit-diff-buffer-file-popup’)
This prefix command shows the same suffix commands and infix
arguments in a popup buffer as ‘magit-diff-popup’. But this
variant has to be called from a file-visiting buffer and the
visited file is automatically used in the popup to limit the diff
to that file.
‘C-c M-g d’ (‘magit-diff-buffer-file’)
This command shows the diff for the file of blob that the current
buffer visits. Renames are followed when a prefix argument is used
or when ‘--follow’ is part of ‘magit-diff-arguments’.
-- User Option: magit-diff-buffer-file-locked
This option controls whether ‘magit-diff-buffer-file’ uses a
decicated buffer. See *note Modes and Buffers: Modes and Buffers.
‘C-c M-g L’ (‘magit-log-buffer-file-popup’)
This prefix command shows the same suffix commands and infix
arguments in a popup buffer as ‘magit-log-popup’. But this variant
has to be called from a file-visiting buffer and the visited file
is automatically used in the popup to limit the log to that file.
‘C-c M-g l’ (‘magit-log-buffer-file’)
This command shows the log for the file of blob that the current
buffer visits. Renames are followed when a prefix argument is used
or when ‘--follow’ is part of ‘magit-log-arguments’.
-- User Option: magit-log-buffer-file-locked
This option controls whether ‘magit-log-buffer-file’ uses a
decicated buffer. See *note Modes and Buffers: Modes and Buffers.
‘C-c M-g b’ (‘magit-blame-popup’)
This prefix command shows the ‘magit-blame’ suffix command along
with the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note
Initiating a commit: Initiating a commit.
‘C-c M-g p’ (‘magit-blob-previous’)
Visit the previous blob which modified the current file.

File: magit.info, Node: Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs, Prev: Minor mode for buffers visiting files, Up: Miscellaneous
8.8 Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs
=========================================
The ‘magit-blob-mode’ enables certain Magit features in blob-visiting
buffers. Such buffers can be created using ‘magit-find-file’ and some
of the commands mentioned below, which also take care of turning on this
minor mode. Currently this mode only establishes a few key bindings,
but this might be e
‘p’ (‘magit-blob-previous’)
Visit the previous blob which modified the current file.
‘n’ (‘magit-blob-next’)
Visit the next blob which modified the current file.
‘q’ (‘magit-kill-this-buffer’)
Kill the current buffer.

File: magit.info, Node: Customizing, Next: Plumbing, Prev: Miscellaneous, Up: Top
9 Customizing
*************
Both Git and Emacs are highly customizable. Magit is both a Git
porcelain as well as an Emacs package, so it makes sense to customize it
using both Git variables as well as Emacs options. However this
flexibility doesn’t come without problems, including but not limited to
the following.
• Some Git variables automatically have an effect in Magit without
requiring any explicit support. Sometimes that is desirable - in
other cases, it breaks Magit.
When a certain Git setting breaks Magit but you want to keep using
that setting on the command line, then that can be accomplished by
overriding the value for Magit only by appending something like
‘("-c" "some.variable=compatible-value")’ to
‘magit-git-global-arguments’.
• Certain settings like ‘fetch.prune=true’ are respected by Magit
commands (because they simply call the respective Git command) but
their value is not reflected in the respective popup buffers. In
this case the ‘--prune’ argument in ‘magit-fetch-popup’ might be
active or inactive depending on the value of
‘magit-fetch-arguments’ only, but that doesn’t keep the Git
variable from being honored by the suffix commands anyway. So
pruning might happen despite the the ‘--prune’ arguments being
displayed in a way that seems to indicate that no pruning will
happen.
I intend to address these and similar issues in a future release.
* Menu:
* Per-repository configuration::
* Essential settings::

File: magit.info, Node: Per-repository configuration, Next: Essential settings, Up: Customizing
9.1 Per-repository configuration
================================
Magit can be configured on a per-repository level using both Git
variables as well as Emacs options.
To set a Git variable for one repository only, simply set it in
‘/path/to/repo/.git/config’ instead of ‘$HOME/.gitconfig’ or
‘/etc/gitconfig’. See *note (gitman)git-config:: .
Similarly, Emacs options can be set for one repository only by
editing ‘/path/to/repo/.dir-locals.el’. See *note (emacs)Directory
Variables::. For example to disable automatic refreshes of
file-visiting buffers in just one huge repository use this:
• ‘/path/to/huge/repo/.dir-locals.el’
((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil))
If you want to apply the same settings to several, but not all,
repositories then keeping the repository-local config files in sync
would quickly become annoying. To avoid that you can create config
files for certain classes of repositories (e.g. "huge repositories")
and then include those files in the per-repository config files. For
example:
• ‘/path/to/huge/repo/.git/config’
[include]
path = /path/to/huge-gitconfig
• ‘/path/to/huge-gitconfig’
[status]
showUntrackedFiles = no
• ‘$HOME/.emacs.d/init.el’
(dir-locals-set-class-variables 'huge-git-repository
'((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil)))))
(dir-locals-set-directory-class
"/path/to/huge/repo/" 'huge-git-repository)

File: magit.info, Node: Essential settings, Prev: Per-repository configuration, Up: Customizing
9.2 Essential settings
======================
The next two sections list and discuss several variables that many users
might want to customize, for safety and/or performance reasons.
* Menu:
* Safety::
* Performance::

File: magit.info, Node: Safety, Next: Performance, Up: Essential settings
9.2.1 Safety
------------
This section discusses various variables that you might want to change
(or *not* change) for safety reasons.
Git keeps *committed* changes around long enough for users to recover
changes they have accidentally been deleted. It does not do the same
for *uncommitted* changes in the working tree and not even the index
(the staging area). Because Magit makes it so easy to modify
uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot
in the process. For that reason Magit provides three global modes that
save *tracked* files to work-in-progress references after or before
certain actions. See *note Wip modes: Wip modes.
These modes are not enabled by default because of performance
concerns. Instead a lot of potentially destructive commands require
confirmation every time they are used. In many cases this can be
disabled by adding a symbol to ‘magit-no-confirm’ (see *note Completion
and confirmation: Completion and confirmation.). If you enable the
various wip modes then you should add ‘safe-with-wip’ to this list.
Similarly it isn’t necessary to require confirmation before moving a
file to the system trash - if you trashed a file by mistake then you can
recover it from the there. Option ‘magit-delete-by-moving-to-trash’
controls whether the system trash is used, which is the case by default.
Nevertheless, ‘trash’ isn’t a member of ‘magit-no-confirm’ - you might
want to change that.
By default buffers visiting files are automatically reverted when the
visited file changes on disk. This isn’t as risky as it might seem, but
to make an informed decision you should see *note Risk of Reverting
Automatically: Risk of Reverting Automatically.

File: magit.info, Node: Performance, Prev: Safety, Up: Essential settings
9.2.2 Performance
-----------------
After Magit has run ‘git’ for side-effects, it also refreshes the
current Magit buffer and the respective status buffer. This is
necessary because otherwise outdated information might be displayed
without the user noticing. Magit buffers are updated by recreating
their content from scratch, which makes updating simpler and less
error-prone, but also more costly. Keeping it simple and just
re-creating everything from scratch is an old design decision and
departing from that will require major refactoring.
I plan to do that in time for the next major release. I also intend
to create logs and diffs asynchronously, which should also help a lot
but also requires major refactoring.
Meanwhile you can tell Magit to only automatically refresh the
current Magit buffer, but not the status buffer. If you do that, then
the status buffer is only refreshed automatically if it itself is the
current buffer.
(setq magit-refresh-status-buffer nil)
You should also check whether any third-party packages have added
anything to ‘magit-refresh-buffer-hook’, ‘magit-status-refresh-hook’,
‘magit-pre-refresh-hook’, and ‘magit-post-refresh-hook’. If so, then
check whether those additions impacts performance significantly.
Setting ‘magit-refresh-verbose’ and then inspecting the output in the
‘*Messages*’ buffer, should help doing so.
Magit also reverts buffers which visit files located inside the
current repository, when the visited file changes on disk. That is
implemented on top of ‘auto-revert-mode’ from the built-in library
‘autorevert’. To figure out whether that impacts performance, check
whether performance is significantly worse, when many buffers exist
and/or when some buffers visit files using Tramp. If so, then this
should help.
(setq auto-revert-buffer-list-filter
'magit-auto-revert-repository-buffers-p)
For alternative approaches see *note Automatic Reverting of
File-Visiting Buffers: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers.
If you have enabled any features that are disabled by default, then
you should check whether they impact performance significantly. It’s
likely that they were not enabled by default because it is known that
they reduce performance at least in large repositories.
If performance is only slow inside certain unusually large
repositories, then you might want to disable certain features on a
per-repository or per-repository-class basis only. See *note
Per-repository configuration: Per-repository configuration.
Microsoft Windows Performance
.............................
In order to update the status buffer, ‘git’ has to be run a few dozen
times. That is only problematic on Microsoft Windows, because that
operating system is exceptionally slow at starting processes. Sadly
this is an issue that can only be fixed by Microsoft itself, and they
don’t appear to be particularly interested in doing so.
Beside the subprocess issue, there also exist other Window-specific
performance issues, some of which can be worked around. The maintainers
of "Git for Windows" try to reduce their effect, and in order to benefit
from the latest performance tweaks, should always use the latest
release. Magit too tries to work around some Windows-specific issues.
According to some sources setting the following Git variables can
also help.
git config --global core.preloadindex true # default since v2.1
git config --global core.fscache true # default since v2.8
git config --global gc.auto 256
You should also check whether an anti-virus program is slowing things
down.
Log Performance
...............
When showing logs, Magit limits the number of commits initially shown in
the hope that this avoids unnecessary work. When using ‘--graph’ is
used, then this unfortunately does not have the desired effect for large
histories. Junio, Git’s maintainer, said on the git mailing list
(<http://www.spinics.net/lists/git/msg232230.html>): "‘--graph’ wants to
compute the whole history and the max-count only affects the output
phase after ‘--graph’ does its computation".
In other words, it’s not that Git is slow at outputting the
differences, or that Magit is slow at parsing the output - the problem
is that Git first goes outside and has a smoke.
We actually work around this issue by limiting the number of commits
not only by using ‘-<N>’ but by also using a range. But unfortunately
that’s not always possible.
In repositories with more than a few thousand commits ‘--graph’
should never be a member of ‘magit-log-section-arguments’. That
variable is used in the status buffer which is refreshed every time you
run any Magit command.
Using ‘--color --graph’ is even slower. Magit uses code that is part
of Emacs to turn control characters into faces. That code is pretty
slow and this is quite noticeable when showing a log with many branches
and merges. For that reason ‘--color’ is not enabled by default
anymore. Consider leaving it at that.
Diff Performance
................
If diffs are slow, then consider turning off some optional diff features
by setting all or some of the following variables to ‘nil’:
‘magit-diff-highlight-indentation’, ‘magit-diff-highlight-trailing’,
‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’, ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-body’, and
‘magit-diff-refine-hunk’.
When showing a commit instead of some arbitrary diff, then some
additional information is displayed. Calculating this information can
be quite expensive given certain circumstances. If looking at a commit
using ‘magit-revision-mode’ takes considerably more time than looking at
the same commit in ‘magit-diff-mode’, then consider setting
‘magit-revision-insert-related-refs’ to ‘nil’.
Refs Buffer Performance
.......................
When refreshing the "references buffer" is slow, then that’s usually
because several hundred refs are being displayed. The best way to
address that is to display fewer refs, obviously.
If you are not, or only mildly, interested in seeing the list of
tags, then start by not displaying them:
(remove-hook 'magit-refs-sections-hook 'magit-insert-tags)
Then you should also make sure that the listed remote branches
actually all exist. You can do so by pruning branches which no longer
exist using ‘f-pa’.
Committing Performance
......................
When you initiate a commit, then Magit by default automatically shows a
diff of the changes you are about to commit. For large commits this can
take a long time, which is especially distracting when you are
committing large amounts of generated data which you don’t actually
intend to inspect before committing. This behavior can be turned off
using:
(remove-hook 'server-switch-hook 'magit-commit-diff)
Then you can type ‘C-c C-d’ to show the diff when you actually want
to see it, but only then. Alternatively you can leave the hook alone
and just type ‘C-g’ in those cases when it takes to long to generate the
diff. If you do that, then you will end up with a broken diff buffer,
but doing it this way has the advantage that you usually get to see the
diff, which is useful because it increases the odds that you spot
potential issues.
The built-in VC Package
.......................
Emacs comes with a version control interface called "VC", see *note
(emacs)Version Control::. It is enabled be default and if you don’t use
it in addition to Magit, then you should disable it to keep it from
performing unnecessary work:
(setq vc-handled-backends nil)
You can also disable its use only for Git but keep using it when
using another version control system:
(setq vc-handled-backends (delq 'Git vc-handled-backends))

File: magit.info, Node: Plumbing, Next: FAQ, Prev: Customizing, Up: Top
10 Plumbing
***********
The following sections describe how to use several of Magit’s core
abstractions to extend Magit itself or implement a separate extension.
A few of the low-level features used by Magit have been factored out
into separate libraries/packages, so that they can be used by other
packages, without having to depend on Magit. These libraries are
described in separate manuals, see *note (with-editor)Top:: and *note
(magit-popup)Top::.
If you are trying to find an unused key that you can bound to a
command provided by your own Magit extension, then checkout
<https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/Plugin-Dispatch-Key-Registry>.
* Menu:
* Calling Git::
* Section plumbing::
* Refreshing buffers::
* Conventions::

File: magit.info, Node: Calling Git, Next: Section plumbing, Up: Plumbing
10.1 Calling Git
================
Magit provides many specialized functions for calling Git. All of these
functions are defined in either ‘magit-git.el’ or ‘magit-process.el’ and
have one of the prefixes ‘magit-run-’, ‘magit-call-’, ‘magit-start-’, or
‘magit-git-’ (which is also used for other things).
All of these functions accept an indefinite number of arguments,
which are strings that specify command line arguments for git (or in
some cases an arbitrary executable). These arguments are flattened
before being passed on to the executable; so instead of strings they can
also be lists of strings and arguments that are ‘nil’ are silently
dropped. Some of these functions also require a single mandatory
argument before these command line arguments.
Roughly speaking these functions run Git either to get some value or
for side-effect. The functions that return a value are useful to
collect the information necessary to populate a Magit buffer, while the
others are used to implement Magit commands.
The functions in the value-only group always run synchronously, and
they never trigger a refresh. The function in the side-effect group can
be further divided into subgroups depending on whether they run Git
synchronously or asynchronously, and depending on whether they trigger a
refresh when the executable has finished.
* Menu:
* Getting a value from Git::
* Calling Git for effect::

File: magit.info, Node: Getting a value from Git, Next: Calling Git for effect, Up: Calling Git
10.1.1 Getting a value from Git
-------------------------------
These functions run Git in order to get a value, either its exit status
or its output. Of course you could also use them to run Git commands
that have side-effects, but that should be avoided.
-- Function: magit-git-exit-code &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its exit code.
-- Function: magit-git-success &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns ‘t’ if the exit code is ‘0’,
‘nil’ otherwise.
-- Function: magit-git-failure &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns ‘t’ if the exit code is ‘1’,
‘nil’ otherwise.
-- Function: magit-git-true &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns ‘t’ if the first line printed by
git is the string "true", ‘nil’ otherwise.
-- Function: magit-git-false &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns ‘t’ if the first line printed by
git is the string "false", ‘nil’ otherwise.
-- Function: magit-git-insert &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and inserts its output at point.
-- Function: magit-git-string &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns the first line of its output.
If there is no output or if it begins with a newline character,
then this returns ‘nil’.
-- Function: magit-git-lines &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its output as a list of lines.
Empty lines anywhere in the output are omitted.
-- Function: magit-git-items &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its null-separated output as a
list. Empty items anywhere in the output are omitted.
If the value of option ‘magit-git-debug’ is non-nil and git exits
with a non-zero exit status, then warn about that in the echo area
and add a section containing git’s standard error in the current
repository’s process buffer.
When an error occurs when using one of the above functions, then that
is usually due to a bug, i.e. the use of an argument which is not
actually supported. Such errors are usually not reported, but when they
occur we need to be able to debug them.
-- User Option: magit-git-debug
Whether to report errors that occur when using ‘magit-git-insert’,
‘magit-git-string’, ‘magit-git-lines’, or ‘magit-git-items’. This
does not actually raise an error. Instead a message is shown in
the echo area, and git’s standard error is insert into a new
section in the current repository’s process buffer.
-- Function: magit-git-str &rest args
This is a variant of ‘magit-git-string’ that ignores the option
‘magit-git-debug’. It is mainly intended to be used while handling
errors in functions that do respect that option. Using such a
function while handing an error could cause yet another error and
therefore lead to an infinite recursion. You probably won’t ever
need to use this function.

File: magit.info, Node: Calling Git for effect, Prev: Getting a value from Git, Up: Calling Git
10.1.2 Calling Git for effect
-----------------------------
These functions are used to run git to produce some effect. Most Magit
commands that actually run git do so by using such a function.
Because we do not need to consume git’s output when using these
functions, their output is instead logged into a per-repository buffer,
which can be shown using ‘$’ from a Magit buffer or ‘M-x magit-process’
elsewhere.
These functions can have an effect in two distinct ways. Firstly,
running git may change something, i.e. create or push a new commit.
Secondly, that change may require that Magit buffers are refreshed to
reflect the changed state of the repository. But refreshing isn’t
always desirable, so only some of these functions do perform such a
refresh after git has returned.
Sometimes it is useful to run git asynchronously. For example, when
the user has just initiated a push, then there is no reason to make her
wait until that has completed. In other cases it makes sense to wait
for git to complete before letting the user do something else. For
example after staging a change it is useful to wait until after the
refresh because that also automatically moves to the next change.
-- Function: magit-call-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS.
-- Function: magit-call-process program &rest args
Calls PROGRAM synchronously with ARGS.
-- Function: magit-run-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS and then refreshes.
-- Function: magit-run-git-with-input input &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS and sends it INPUT on standard
input.
INPUT should be a buffer or the name of an existing buffer. The
content of that buffer is used as the process’ standard input.
After the process returns a refresh is performed.
As a special case, INPUT may also be nil. In that case the content
of the current buffer is used as standard input and *no* refresh is
performed.
This function actually runs git asynchronously. But then it waits
for the process to return, so the function itself is synchronous.
-- Function: magit-run-git-with-logfile file &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS. The process’ output is saved in
FILE. This is rarely useful and so this function might be removed
in the future.
This function actually runs git asynchronously. But then it waits
for the process to return, so the function itself is synchronous.
-- Function: magit-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS for side-effects only. This
function does not refresh the buffer.
-- Function: magit-git-wash washer &rest args
Execute Git with ARGS, inserting washed output at point. Actually
first insert the raw output at point. If there is no output call
‘magit-cancel-section’. Otherwise temporarily narrow the buffer to
the inserted text, move to its beginning, and then call function
WASHER with no argument.
And now for the asynchronous variants.
-- Function: magit-run-git-async &rest args
Start Git, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.
ARGS is flattened and then used as arguments to Git.
Display the command line arguments in the echo area.
After Git returns some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
Unmodified buffers visiting files that are tracked in the current
repository are reverted if ‘magit-revert-buffers’ is non-nil.
-- Function: magit-run-git-with-editor &rest args
Export GIT_EDITOR and start Git. Also prepare for refresh and
return the process object. ARGS is flattened and then used as
arguments to Git.
Display the command line arguments in the echo area.
After Git returns some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
-- Function: magit-start-git &rest args
Start Git, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.
If INPUT is non-nil, it has to be a buffer or the name of an
existing buffer. The buffer content becomes the processes standard
input.
Option ‘magit-git-executable’ specifies the Git executable and
option ‘magit-git-global-arguments’ specifies constant arguments.
The remaining arguments ARGS specify arguments to Git. They are
flattened before use.
After Git returns, some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
Unmodified buffers visiting files that are tracked in the current
repository are reverted if ‘magit-revert-buffers’ is non-nil.
-- Function: magit-start-process &rest args
Start PROGRAM, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.
If optional argument INPUT is non-nil, it has to be a buffer or the
name of an existing buffer. The buffer content becomes the
processes standard input.
The process is started using ‘start-file-process’ and then setup to
use the sentinel ‘magit-process-sentinel’ and the filter
‘magit-process-filter’. Information required by these functions is
stored in the process object. When this function returns the
process has not started to run yet so it is possible to override
the sentinel and filter.
After the process returns, ‘magit-process-sentinel’ refreshes the
buffer that was current when ‘magit-start-process’ was called (if
it is a Magit buffer and still alive), as well as the respective
Magit status buffer. Unmodified buffers visiting files that are
tracked in the current repository are reverted if
‘magit-revert-buffers’ is non-nil.
-- Variable: magit-this-process
The child process which is about to start. This can be used to
change the filter and sentinel.
-- Variable: magit-process-raise-error
When this is non-nil, then ‘magit-process-sentinel’ raises an error
if git exits with a non-zero exit status. For debugging purposes.

File: magit.info, Node: Section plumbing, Next: Refreshing buffers, Prev: Calling Git, Up: Plumbing
10.2 Section plumbing
=====================
* Menu:
* Creating sections::
* Section selection::
* Matching sections::

File: magit.info, Node: Creating sections, Next: Section selection, Up: Section plumbing
10.2.1 Creating sections
------------------------
-- Macro: magit-insert-section &rest args
Insert a section at point.
TYPE is the section type, a symbol. Many commands that act on the
current section behave differently depending on that type. Also if
a variable ‘magit-TYPE-section-map’ exists, then use that as the
text-property ‘keymap’ of all text belonging to the section (but
this may be overwritten in subsections). TYPE can also have the
form ‘(eval FORM)’ in which case FORM is evaluated at runtime.
Optional VALUE is the value of the section, usually a string that
is required when acting on the section.
When optional HIDE is non-nil collapse the section body by default,
i.e. when first creating the section, but not when refreshing the
buffer. Otherwise, expand it by default. This can be overwritten
using ‘magit-section-set-visibility-hook’. When a section is
recreated during a refresh, then the visibility of predecessor is
inherited and HIDE is ignored (but the hook is still honored).
BODY is any number of forms that actually insert the section’s
heading and body. Optional NAME, if specified, has to be a symbol,
which is then bound to the struct of the section being inserted.
Before BODY is evaluated the ‘start’ of the section object is set
to the value of ‘point’ and after BODY was evaluated its ‘end’ is
set to the new value of ‘point’; BODY is responsible for moving
‘point’ forward.
If it turns out inside BODY that the section is empty, then
‘magit-cancel-section’ can be used to abort and remove all traces
of the partially inserted section. This can happen when creating a
section by washing Git’s output and Git didn’t actually output
anything this time around.
-- Function: magit-insert-heading &rest args
Insert the heading for the section currently being inserted.
This function should only be used inside ‘magit-insert-section’.
When called without any arguments, then just set the ‘content’ slot
of the object representing the section being inserted to a marker
at ‘point’. The section should only contain a single line when
this function is used like this.
When called with arguments ARGS, which have to be strings, then
insert those strings at point. The section should not contain any
text before this happens and afterwards it should again only
contain a single line. If the ‘face’ property is set anywhere
inside any of these strings, then insert all of them unchanged.
Otherwise use the ‘magit-section-heading’ face for all inserted
text.
The ‘content’ property of the section struct is the end of the
heading (which lasts from ‘start’ to ‘content’) and the beginning
of the body (which lasts from ‘content’ to ‘end’). If the value of
‘content’ is nil, then the section has no heading and its body
cannot be collapsed. If a section does have a heading then its
height must be exactly one line, including a trailing newline
character. This isn’t enforced; you are responsible for getting it
right. The only exception is that this function does insert a
newline character if necessary.
-- Function: magit-cancel-section
Cancel the section currently being inserted. This exits the
innermost call to ‘magit-insert-section’ and removes all traces of
what has already happened inside that call.
-- Function: magit-define-section-jumper sym title &optional value
Define an interactive function to go to section SYM. TITLE is the
displayed title of the section.

File: magit.info, Node: Section selection, Next: Matching sections, Prev: Creating sections, Up: Section plumbing
10.2.2 Section selection
------------------------
-- Function: magit-current-section
Return the section at point.
-- Function: magit-region-sections
Return a list of the selected sections.
When the region is active and constitutes a valid section
selection, then return a list of all selected sections. This is
the case when the region begins in the heading of a section and
ends in the heading of a sibling of that first section. When the
selection is not valid then return nil. Most commands that can act
on the selected sections, then instead just act on the current
section, the one point is in.
When the region looks like it would in any other buffer then the
selection is invalid. When the selection is valid then the region
uses the ‘magit-section-highlight’. This does not apply to diffs
where things get a bit more complicated, but even here if the
region looks like it usually does, then that’s not a valid
selection as far as this function is concerned.
-- Function: magit-region-values &rest types
Return a list of the values of the selected sections.
Also see ‘magit-region-sections’ whose doc-string explains when a
region is a valid section selection. If the region is not active
or is not a valid section selection, then return nil. If optional
TYPES is non-nil then the selection not only has to be valid; the
types of all selected sections additionally have to match one of
TYPES, or nil is returned.

File: magit.info, Node: Matching sections, Prev: Section selection, Up: Section plumbing
10.2.3 Matching sections
------------------------
‘M-x magit-describe-section’ (‘magit-describe-section’)
Show information about the section at point. This command is
intended for debugging purposes.
-- Function: magit-section-ident
Return an unique identifier for SECTION. The return value has the
form ‘((TYPE . VALUE)...)’.
-- Function: magit-get-section
Return the section identified by IDENT. IDENT has to be a list as
returned by ‘magit-section-ident’.
-- Function: magit-section-match condition &optional section
Return ‘t’ if SECTION matches CONDITION. SECTION defaults to the
section at point.
Conditions can take the following forms:
• ‘(CONDITION...)’
matches if any of the CONDITIONs matches.
• ‘[TYPE...]’
matches if the first TYPE matches the type of the section at
point, the second matches that of its parent, and so on.
• ‘[* TYPE...]’
matches sections that match [TYPE…] and also recursively all
their child sections.
• ‘TYPE’
matches TYPE regardless of its parents.
Each TYPE is a symbol. Note that it is not necessary to specify
all TYPEs up to the root section as printed by
‘magit-describe-type’, unless of course you want to be that
precise.
-- Function: magit-section-when condition &rest body
If the section at point matches CONDITION evaluate BODY.
If the section matches evaluate BODY forms sequentially and return
the value of the last one, or if there are no BODY forms return the
value of the section. If the section does not match return nil.
See ‘magit-section-match’ for the forms CONDITION can take.
-- Function: magit-section-case &rest clauses
Choose among clauses on the type of the section at point.
Each clause looks like (CONDITION BODY…). The type of the section
is compared against each CONDITION; the BODY forms of the first
match are evaluated sequentially and the value of the last form is
returned. Inside BODY the symbol ‘it’ is bound to the section at
point. If no clause succeeds or if there is no section at point
return nil.
See ‘magit-section-match’ for the forms CONDITION can take.
Additionally a CONDITION of t is allowed in the final clause and
matches if no other CONDITION match, even if there is no section at
point.
-- Variable: magit-root-section
The root section in the current buffer. All other sections are
descendants of this section. The value of this variable is set by
‘magit-insert-section’ and you should never modify it.
For diff related sections a few additional tools exist.
-- Function: magit-diff-type &optional section
Return the diff type of SECTION.
The returned type is one of the symbols ‘staged’, ‘unstaged’,
‘committed’, or ‘undefined’. This type serves a similar purpose as
the general type common to all sections (which is stored in the
‘type’ slot of the corresponding ‘magit-section’ struct) but takes
additional information into account. When the SECTION isn’t
related to diffs and the buffer containing it also isn’t a
diff-only buffer, then return nil.
Currently the type can also be one of ‘tracked’ and ‘untracked’,
but these values are not handled explicitly in every place they
should be. A possible fix could be to just return nil here.
The section has to be a ‘diff’ or ‘hunk’ section, or a section
whose children are of type ‘diff’. If optional SECTION is nil,
return the diff type for the current section. In buffers whose
major mode is ‘magit-diff-mode’ SECTION is ignored and the type is
determined using other means. In ‘magit-revision-mode’ buffers the
type is always ‘committed’.
-- Function: magit-diff-scope &optional section strict
Return the diff scope of SECTION or the selected section(s).
A diff’s "scope" describes what part of a diff is selected, it is a
symbol, one of ‘region’, ‘hunk’, ‘hunks’, ‘file’, ‘files’, or
‘list’. Do not confuse this with the diff "type", as returned by
‘magit-diff-type’.
If optional SECTION is non-nil, then return the scope of that,
ignoring the sections selected by the region. Otherwise return the
scope of the current section, or if the region is active and
selects a valid group of diff related sections, the type of these
sections, i.e. ‘hunks’ or ‘files’. If SECTION (or if the current
section that is nil) is a ‘hunk’ section and the region starts and
ends inside the body of a that section, then the type is ‘region’.
If optional STRICT is non-nil then return nil if the diff type of
the section at point is ‘untracked’ or the section at point is not
actually a ‘diff’ but a ‘diffstat’ section.

File: magit.info, Node: Refreshing buffers, Next: Conventions, Prev: Section plumbing, Up: Plumbing
10.3 Refreshing buffers
=======================
All commands that create a new Magit buffer or change what is being
displayed in an existing buffer do so by calling ‘magit-mode-setup’.
Among other things, that function sets the buffer local values of
‘default-directory’ (to the top-level of the repository),
‘magit-refresh-function’, and ‘magit-refresh-args’.
Buffers are refreshed by calling the function that is the local value
of ‘magit-refresh-function’ (a function named ‘magit-*-refresh-buffer’,
where ‘*’ may be something like ‘diff’) with the value of
‘magit-refresh-args’ as arguments.
-- Macro: magit-mode-setup buffer switch-func mode refresh-func
&optional refresh-args
This function displays and selects BUFFER, turns on MODE, and
refreshes a first time.
This function displays and optionally selects BUFFER by calling
‘magit-mode-display-buffer’ with BUFFER, MODE and SWITCH-FUNC as
arguments. Then it sets the local value of
‘magit-refresh-function’ to REFRESH-FUNC and that of
‘magit-refresh-args’ to REFRESH-ARGS. Finally it creates the buffer
content by calling REFRESH-FUNC with REFRESH-ARGS as arguments.
All arguments are evaluated before switching to BUFFER.
-- Function: magit-mode-display-buffer buffer mode &optional
switch-function
This function display BUFFER in some window and select it. BUFFER
may be a buffer or a string, the name of a buffer. The buffer is
returned.
Unless BUFFER is already displayed in the selected frame, store the
previous window configuration as a buffer local value, so that it
can later be restored by ‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’.
The buffer is displayed and selected using SWITCH-FUNCTION. If that
is ‘nil’ then ‘pop-to-buffer’ is used if the current buffer’s major
mode derives from ‘magit-mode’. Otherwise ‘switch-to-buffer’ is
used.
-- Variable: magit-refresh-function
The value of this buffer-local variable is the function used to
refresh the current buffer. It is called with ‘magit-refresh-args’
as arguments.
-- Variable: magit-refresh-args
The list of arguments used by ‘magit-refresh-function’ to refresh
the current buffer. ‘magit-refresh-function’ is called with these
arguments.
The value is usually set using ‘magit-mode-setup’, but in some
cases it’s also useful to provide commands which can change the
value. For example, the ‘magit-diff-refresh-popup’ can be used to
change any of the arguments used to display the diff, without
having to specify again which differences should be shown.
‘magit-diff-more-context’, ‘magit-diff-less-context’, and
‘magit-diff-default-context’ change just the ‘-U<N>’ argument. In
both case this is done by changing the value of this variable and
then calling this ‘magit-refresh-function’.

File: magit.info, Node: Conventions, Prev: Refreshing buffers, Up: Plumbing
10.4 Conventions
================
* Menu:
* Confirmation and completion::
* Theming Faces::

File: magit.info, Node: Confirmation and completion, Next: Theming Faces, Up: Conventions
10.4.1 Confirmation and completion
----------------------------------
Dangerous operations that may lead to data loss have to be confirmed by
default. With a multi-section selection, this is done using questions
that can be answered with "yes" or "no". When the region isn’t active,
or if it doesn’t constitute a valid section selection, then such
commands instead read a single item in the minibuffer. When the value
of the current section is among the possible choices, then that is
presented as default choice. To confirm the action on a single item,
the user has to answer ‘RET’ (instead of "yes"), and to abort, ‘C-g’
(instead of "no"). But alternatively the user may also select another
item, just like if the command had been invoked with no suitable section
at point at all.

File: magit.info, Node: Theming Faces, Prev: Confirmation and completion, Up: Conventions
10.4.2 Theming Faces
--------------------
The default theme uses blue for local branches, green for remote
branches, and goldenrod (brownish yellow) for tags. When creating a new
theme, you should probably follow that example. If your theme already
uses other colors, then stick to that.
In older releases these reference faces used to have a background
color and a box around them. The basic default faces no longer do so,
to make Magit buffers much less noisy, and you should follow that
example at least with regards to boxes. (Boxes were used in the past to
work around a conflict between the highlighting overlay and text
property backgrounds. That’s no longer necessary because highlighting
no longer causes other background colors to disappear.) Alternatively
you can keep the background color and/or box, but then have to take
special care to adjust ‘magit-branch-current’ accordingly. By default
it looks mostly like ‘magit-branch-local’, but with a box (by default
the former is the only face that uses a box, exactly so that it sticks
out). If the former also uses a box, then you have to make sure that it
differs in some other way from the latter.
The most difficult faces to theme are those related to diffs,
headings, highlighting, and the region. There are faces that fall into
all four groups - expect to spend some time getting this right.
The ‘region’ face in the default theme, in both the light and dark
variants, as well as in many other themes, distributed with Emacs or by
third-parties, is very ugly. It is common to use a background color
that really sticks out, which is ugly but if that were the only problem
then it would be acceptable. Unfortunately many themes also set the
foreground color, which ensures that all text within the region is
readable. Without doing that there might be cases where some foreground
color is too close to the region background color to still be readable.
But it also means that text within the region loses all syntax
highlighting.
I consider the work that went into getting the ‘region’ face right to
be a good indicator for the general quality of a theme. My
recommendation for the ‘region’ face is this: use a background color
slightly different from the background color of the ‘default’ face, and
do not set the foreground color at all. So for a light theme you might
use a light (possibly tinted) gray as the background color of ‘default’
and a somewhat darker gray for the background of ‘region’. That should
usually be enough to not collide with the foreground color of any other
face. But if some other faces also set a light gray as background
color, then you should also make sure it doesn’t collide with those (in
some cases it might be acceptable though).
Magit only uses the ‘region’ face when the region is "invalid" by its
own definition. In a Magit buffer the region is used to either select
multiple sibling sections, so that commands which support it act on all
of these sections instead of just the current section, or to select
lines within a single hunk section. In all other cases, the section is
considered invalid and Magit won’t act on it. But such invalid sections
happen, either because the user has not moved point enough yet to make
it valid or because she wants to use a non-magit command to act on the
region, e.g. ‘kill-region’.
So using the regular ‘region’ face for invalid sections is a feature.
It tells the user that Magit won’t be able to act on it. It’s
acceptable if that face looks a bit odd and even (but less so) if it
collides with the background colors of section headings and other things
that have a background color.
Magit highlights the current section. If a section has subsections,
then all of them are highlighted. This is done using faces that have
"highlight" in their names. For most sections,
‘magit-section-highlight’ is used for both the body and the heading.
Like the ‘region’ face, it should only set the background color to
something similar to that of ‘default’. The highlight background color
must be different from both the ‘region’ background color and the
‘default’ background color.
For diff related sections Magit uses various faces to highlight
different parts of the selected section(s). Note that hunk headings,
unlike all other section headings, by default have a background color,
because it is useful to have very visible separators between hunks.
That face ‘magit-diff-hunk-heading’, should be different from both
‘magit-diff-hunk-heading-highlight’ and ‘magit-section-highlight’, as
well as from ‘magit-diff-context’ and ‘magit-diff-context-highlight’.
By default we do that by changing the foreground color. Changing the
background color would lead to complications, and there are already
enough we cannot get around. (Also note that it is generally a good
idea for section headings to always be bold, but only for sections that
have subsections).
When there is a valid region selecting diff-related sibling sections,
i.e. multiple files or hunks, then the bodies of all these sections use
the respective highlight faces, but additionally the headings instead
use one of the faces ‘magit-diff-file-heading-selection’ or
‘magit-diff-hunk-heading-selection’. These faces have to be different
from the regular highlight variants to provide explicit visual
indication that the region is active.
When theming diff related faces, start by setting the option
‘magit-diff-refine-hunk’ to ‘all’. You might personally prefer to only
refine the current hunk or not use hunk refinement at all, but some of
the users of your theme want all hunks to be refined, so you have to
cater to that.
(Also turn on ‘magit-diff-highlight-indentation’,
‘magit-diff-highlight-trailing’, and ‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’; and
insert some whitespace errors into the code you use for testing.)
For e.g. "added lines" you have to adjust three faces:
‘magit-diff-added’, ‘magit-diff-added-highlight’, and
‘smerge-refined-added’. Make sure that the latter works well with both
of the former, as well as ‘smerge-other’ and ‘diff-added’. Then do the
same for the removed lines, context lines, lines added by us, and lines
added by them. Also make sure the respective added, removed, and
context faces use approximately the same saturation for both the
highlighted and unhighlighted variants. Also make sure the file and
diff headings work nicely with context lines (e.g. make them look
different). Line faces should set both the foreground and the
background color. For example, for added lines use two different
greens.
It’s best if the foreground color of both the highlighted and the
unhighlighted variants are the same, so you will need to have to find a
color that works well on the highlight and unhighlighted background, the
refine background, and the highlight context background. When there is
an hunk internal region, then the added- and removed-lines background
color is used only within that region. Outside the region the
highlighted context background color is used. This makes it easier to
see what is being staged. With an hunk internal region the hunk heading
is shown using ‘magit-diff-hunk-heading-selection’, and so are the thin
lines that are added around the lines that fall within the region. The
background color of that has to be distinct enough from the various
other involved background colors.
Nobody said this would be easy. If your theme restricts itself to a
certain set of colors, then you should make an exception here.
Otherwise it would be impossible to make the diffs look good in each and
every variation. Actually you might want to just stick to the default
definitions for these faces. You have been warned. Also please note
that if you do not get this right, this will in some cases look to users
like bugs in Magit - so please do it right or not at all.

File: magit.info, Node: FAQ, Next: Keystroke Index, Prev: Plumbing, Up: Top
Appendix A FAQ
**************
Below you find a list of frequently asked questions. For a list of
frequently *and recently* asked questions, i.e. questions that haven’t
made it into the manual yet, see
<https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/FAQ>.
* Menu:
* Magit is slow::
* I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable::
* I am having problems committing::
* Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging::
* I don't understand how branching and pushing work::
* I don’t like the key binding in v2.4: I don't like the key binding in v24.
* I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2::
* I am using an Emacs release older than v24.4: I am using an Emacs release older than v244.
* I am using a Git release older than v1.9.4: I am using a Git release older than v194.
* I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit::
* I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell, but not in Magit: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit.
* How to install the gitman info manual?::
* How can I show Git's output?::
* Diffs contain control sequences::
* Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear::
* Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer::
* The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date::
* Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?::
* How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?::
* Emacs 24.5 hangs when loading Magit: Emacs 245 hangs when loading Magit.
* Symbol's value as function is void ‘--some’::
* Where is the branch manager::

File: magit.info, Node: Magit is slow, Next: I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable, Up: FAQ
A.1 Magit is slow
=================
See *note Performance: Performance.

File: magit.info, Node: I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable, Next: I am having problems committing, Prev: Magit is slow, Up: FAQ
A.2 I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable
======================================================================
Magit is *currently* not expected to work under such conditions. It
sure would be nice if it did, and v2.5 will hopefully be a big step into
that direction. But it might take until v3.1 to accomplish fully
satisfactory performance, because that requires some heavy refactoring.
But for now we recommend you use the command line to complete this
one commit. Also see *note Performance: Performance.

File: magit.info, Node: I am having problems committing, Next: Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging, Prev: I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable, Up: FAQ
A.3 I am having problems committing
===================================
That likely means that Magit is having problems finding an appropriate
emacsclient executable. See *note (with-editor)Configuring
With-Editor:: and *note (with-editor)Debugging::.

File: magit.info, Node: Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging, Next: I don't understand how branching and pushing work, Prev: I am having problems committing, Up: FAQ
A.4 Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging
=========================================
This typically happens on Windows and/or large repositories where
preparing diffs takes longer than ‘magit-diff-expansion-threshold’. The
default is one second, try increasing it to a larger value.
Currently when one part of a Magit buffer has to be updated the whole
buffer is recreated from scratch. That obviously isn’t good for
performance and will be fixed eventually. Meanwhile we need a kludge
that prevents the update from taking very long under certain
circumstances, e.g. when showing the difference for hundrets of changes
files.
For that reason the variable ‘magit-diff-expansion-threshold’ was
added, defaulting to one second. If it takes longer than that to
recreate a Magit buffer, then no further diff sections are expanded
because that’s one of the steps that take the longest. If a diff is not
expanded, then some work can be delayed until it actually is.
You can then still expand sections manually, but when you refresh the
complete buffer explicitly using ‘g’ or by performing an action which
triggers a refresh, then previously expanded diffs could be collapsed.
You can set ‘magit-diff-expansion-threshold’ to a higher value to
prevent that from happening.

File: magit.info, Node: I don't understand how branching and pushing work, Next: I don't like the key binding in v24, Prev: Diffs are collapsed after un-/staging, Up: FAQ
A.5 I don’t understand how branching and pushing work
=====================================================
Please see *note Branching: Branching. and
<http://emacsair.me/2016/01/18/magit-2.4>

File: magit.info, Node: I don't like the key binding in v24, Next: I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2, Prev: I don't understand how branching and pushing work, Up: FAQ
A.6 I don’t like the key binding in v2.4
========================================
Please see <http://emacsair.me/2016/01/1/restore-old-bindings>.

File: magit.info, Node: I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2, Next: I am using an Emacs release older than v244, Prev: I don't like the key binding in v24, Up: FAQ
A.7 I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2
====================================================
An Elpa archive featuring obsolete Magit v1.4.2 and its dependencies is
available from <http://magit.vc/elpa/v1>. But note that v1.4.2 is
obsolete and no longer maintained.

File: magit.info, Node: I am using an Emacs release older than v244, Next: I am using a Git release older than v194, Prev: I cannot install the pre-requisites for Magit v2, Up: FAQ
A.8 I am using an Emacs release older than v24.4
================================================
At least Emacs v24.4 is required. There is no way around it, if you
want to use Magit v2.
If you own the machine you work on, then consider updating to the
latest release provided by your distribution. If it doesn’t feature a
recent enough release, then you will have to use a backport package or
build Emacs from source.
Installing Emacs from source is quite simple. See the instructions
at <http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git/tree/INSTALL> and
<http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git/tree/INSTALL.REPO> to get an
idea of that this involves. But when you perform the installation then
use the instructions for the release you are actually installing.
Unfortunately these instructions do not cover the hardest part (which
is the hardest part exactly because it is not covered there): installing
the build time dependencies.
For that you’ll need to perform a web search and find an appropriate
tutorial for your distribution. If you think you should not have had to
do that yourself, then consider informing me about the resources that
helped you figure what to do for your specific setup, so that I can post
a link here. That way those coming after you have it easier.
An Elpa archive featuring obsolete Magit v1.4.2 and its dependencies
is available from <http://magit.vc/elpa/v1>.

File: magit.info, Node: I am using a Git release older than v194, Next: I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit, Prev: I am using an Emacs release older than v244, Up: FAQ
A.9 I am using a Git release older than v1.9.4
==============================================
At least Git v1.9.4 is required. There is no way around it, if you want
to use Magit v2.
If you own the machine, then consider updating to the latest release
provided by your distribution. If it doesn’t feature a recent enough
release, then you will have to use a backport package or build Git from
source.
Installing Git from source is quite simple. See the instructions at
<https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/INSTALL> to get an idea of that
this involves. But when you perform the installation then use the
instructions for the release you are actually installing.
An Elpa archive featuring obsolete Magit v1.4.2 and its dependencies
is available from <http://magit.vc/elpa/v1>.

File: magit.info, Node: I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit, Next: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit, Prev: I am using a Git release older than v194, Up: FAQ
A.10 I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit
=====================================================
It’s almost certain that Magit is only incidental to this issue. It is
much more likely that this is a configuration issue, even if you can
push on the command line.
Detailed setup instructions can be found at
<https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/Pushing-with-Magit-from-Windows>.

File: magit.info, Node: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit, Next: How to install the gitman info manual?, Prev: I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit, Up: FAQ
A.11 I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell, but not in Magit
===================================================================
This usually occurs because Emacs doesn’t have the same environment
variables as your shell. Try installing and configuring
<https://github.com/purcell/exec-path-from-shell>. By default it
synchronizes ‘$PATH’, which helps Magit find the same ‘git’ as the one
you are using on the shell.
If SOMETHING is "passphrase caching with gpg-agent for commit and/or
tag signing", then you’ll also need to synchronize ‘$GPG_AGENT_INFO’.

File: magit.info, Node: How to install the gitman info manual?, Next: How can I show Git's output?, Prev: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit, Up: FAQ
A.12 How to install the gitman info manual?
===========================================
Git’s manpages can be exported as an info manual called ‘gitman’.
Magit’s own info manual links to nodes in that manual instead of the
actual manpages because texinfo sadly doesn’t support linking to
manpages.
Unfortunately many distributions do not install the ‘gitman’ manual
by default. Some distributions may provide a separate package
containing the info manual. Please let me know the name of that package
for your distribution, so that I can mention here.
If the distribution you are using does not offer a package that
contains the ‘gitman’ manual, then you have to install it manually.
Clone Git’s own Git repository, checkout the tag corresponding to the
Git release you have installed, and follow the instructions in
‘INSTALL’. The relevant make targets are ‘info’ and ‘install-info’.
Alternatively you may add this advice to your ‘init.el’ file.
(defadvice Info-follow-nearest-node (around gitman activate)
"When encountering a cross reference to the `gitman' info
manual, then instead of following that cross reference show
the actual manpage using the function `man'."
(let ((node (Info-get-token
(point) "\\*note[ \n\t]+"
"\\*note[ \n\t]+\\([^:]*\\):\\(:\\|[ \n\t]*(\\)?")))
(if (and node (string-match "^(gitman)\\(.+\\)" node))
(progn (require 'man)
(man (match-string 1 node)))
ad-do-it)))
Or if you are using MS Windows and ‘man’ is not available, use this
variation with used the Emacs Lisp implementation provided by the
‘woman’ package.
(defadvice Info-follow-nearest-node (around gitman activate)
"When encountering a cross reference to the `gitman' info
manual, then instead of following that cross reference show
the actual manpage using the function `woman'."
(let ((node (Info-get-token
(point) "\\*note[ \n\t]+"
"\\*note[ \n\t]+\\([^:]*\\):\\(:\\|[ \n\t]*(\\)?")))
(if (and node (string-match "^(gitman)\\(.+\\)" node))
(progn (require 'woman)
(woman (match-string 1 node)))
ad-do-it)))
Did I mention that texinfo cross reference are just awful? (This is
just one of many issues.)

File: magit.info, Node: How can I show Git's output?, Next: Diffs contain control sequences, Prev: How to install the gitman info manual?, Up: FAQ
A.13 How can I show Git’s output?
=================================
To show the output of recently run git commands, press ‘$’ (or, if that
isn’t available, ‘M-x magit-process-buffer’). This will show a buffer
containing a section per git invocation; as always press ‘TAB’ to expand
or collapse them.
By default git’s output is only inserted into the process buffer if
it is run for side-effects. When the output is consumed in some way
then also inserting it into the process buffer would be to expensive.
For debugging purposes it’s possible to do so anyway by setting
‘magit-git-debug’ to ‘t’.

File: magit.info, Node: Diffs contain control sequences, Next: Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear, Prev: How can I show Git's output?, Up: FAQ
A.14 Diffs contain control sequences
====================================
This happens when you configure Git to always color diffs and/or all of
its output. The valid values for relevant Git variables ‘color.ui’ and
‘color.diff’ are ‘false’, ‘true’ and ‘always’, and the default is
‘true’. You should leave it that because then you get colorful output
in terminals but git’s output is consumed by something else, then no
colors are used.
If you actually use some other tool which expects that requires that
you force git to output control sequences (which is highly unlikely),
then you can override these settings just for Magit by using:
(setq magit-git-global-arguments
(nconc magit-git-global-arguments
'("-c" "color.ui=false"
"-c" "color.diff=false")))

File: magit.info, Node: Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear, Next: Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer, Prev: Diffs contain control sequences, Up: FAQ
A.15 Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear
=============================================================
This is probably caused by a change of a ‘diff.*’ Git variable. You
probably set that variable for a reason, and should therefore only undo
that setting in Magit by customizing ‘magit-git-global-arguments’.

File: magit.info, Node: Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer, Next: The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date, Prev: Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear, Up: FAQ
A.16 Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer
==================================================
Neither Magit nor ‘git-commit‘ fiddle with point in the buffer used to
write commit messages, so something else must be doing it.
You have probably globally enabled a mode which does restore point in
file-visiting buffers. It might be a bit surprising, but when you write
a commit message, then you are actually editing a file.
So you have to figure out which package is doing. ‘saveplace’,
‘pointback’, and ‘session’ are likely candidates. These snippets might
help:
(setq session-name-disable-regexp "\\(?:\\`'\\.git/[A-Z_]+\\'\\)")
(with-eval-after-load 'pointback
(lambda ()
(when (or git-commit-mode git-rebase-mode)
(pointback-mode -1))))

File: magit.info, Node: The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date, Next: Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?, Prev: Point is wrong in the ‘COMMIT_EDITMSG’ buffer, Up: FAQ
A.17 The mode-line information isn’t always up-to-date
======================================================
Magit is not responsible for the version control information that is
being displayed in the mode-line and looks something like ‘Git-master’.
The built-in "Version Control" package, also known as "VC", updates that
information, and can be told to do so more often:
(setq auto-revert-check-vc-info t)
But doing so isn’t good for performance. For more (overly
optimistic) information see *note (emacs)VC Mode Line::.
If you don’t really care about seeing that information in the
mode-line, but just don’t want to see _incorrect_ information, then
consider disabling VC when using Git:
(setq vc-handled-backends (delq 'Git vc-handled-backends))
Or to disable it completely:
(setq vc-handled-backends nil)

File: magit.info, Node: Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?, Next: How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?, Prev: The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date, Up: FAQ
A.18 Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?
==========================================================
No, it cannot. For that to work the functions ‘ediff-magit-internal’
and ‘ediff-magit-merge-internal’ would have to be implemented, and they
are not. These two functions are only used by the three commands
‘ediff-revision’, ‘ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor’, and
‘ediff-merge-revisions’.
These commands only delegate the task of populating buffers with
certain revisions to the "internal" functions. The equally important
task of determining which revisions are to be compared/merged is not
delegated. Instead this is done without any support whatsoever, from
the version control package/system - meaning that the user has to enter
the revisions explicitly. Instead of implementing
‘ediff-magit-internal’ we provide ‘magit-ediff-compare’, which handles
both tasks like it is 2005.
The other commands ‘ediff-merge-revisions’ and
‘ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor’ are normally not what you want
when using a modern version control system like Git. Instead of letting
the user resolve only those conflicts which Git could not resolve on its
own, they throw away all work done by Git and then expect the user to
manually merge all conflicts, including those that had already been
resolved. That made sense back in the days when version control systems
couldn’t merge (or so I have been told), but not anymore. Once in a
blue moon you might actually want to see all conflicts, in which case
you *can* use these commands, which then use ‘ediff-vc-merge-internal’.
So we don’t actually have to implement ‘ediff-magit-merge-internal’.
Instead we provide the more useful command ‘magit-ediff-resolve’ which
only shows yet-to-be resolved conflicts.

File: magit.info, Node: How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?, Next: Emacs 245 hangs when loading Magit, Prev: Can Magit be used as ‘ediff-version-control-package’?, Up: FAQ
A.19 How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?
===============================================
Git supports showing diffs for encrypted files, but has to be told to do
so. Since Magit just uses Git to get the diffs, configuring Git also
affects the diffs displayed inside Magit.
git config --global diff.gpg.textconv "gpg --no-tty --decrypt"
echo "*.gpg filter=gpg diff=gpg" > .gitattributes

File: magit.info, Node: Emacs 245 hangs when loading Magit, Next: Symbol's value as function is void ‘--some’, Prev: How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?, Up: FAQ
A.20 Emacs 24.5 hangs when loading Magit
========================================
This is actually triggered by loading Tramp. See
<https://debbugs.gnu.org/cgi/bugreport.cgi?bug=20015> for details. You
can work around the problem by setting
‘tramp-ssh-controlmaster-options’. Changing your DNS server (e.g. to
Google’s ‘8.8.8.8’) may also be sufficient to work around the issue.

File: magit.info, Node: Symbol's value as function is void ‘--some’, Next: Where is the branch manager, Prev: Emacs 245 hangs when loading Magit, Up: FAQ
A.21 Symbol’s value as function is void ‘--some’
================================================
Update ‘dash’, restart Emacs, and then it will be defined.

File: magit.info, Node: Where is the branch manager, Prev: Symbol's value as function is void ‘--some’, Up: FAQ
A.22 Where is the branch manager
================================
‘y’ is bound to the command that shows the "refs buffer", the successor
of the "branch manager".

File: magit.info, Node: Keystroke Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: FAQ, Up: Top
Appendix B Keystroke Index
**************************
[index]
* Menu:
* !: Running Git manually.
(line 12)
* ! !: Running Git manually.
(line 19)
* ! a: Running Git manually.
(line 51)
* ! b: Running Git manually.
(line 55)
* ! g: Running Git manually.
(line 59)
* ! k: Running Git manually.
(line 47)
* ! p: Running Git manually.
(line 24)
* ! s: Running Git manually.
(line 33)
* ! S: Running Git manually.
(line 38)
* $: Viewing Git output. (line 11)
* +: Log Buffer. (line 59)
* + <1>: Refreshing diffs. (line 58)
* -: Refreshing diffs. (line 54)
* 0: Refreshing diffs. (line 62)
* 1: Section visibility. (line 26)
* 2: Section visibility. (line 26)
* 3: Section visibility. (line 26)
* 4: Section visibility. (line 26)
* =: Log Buffer. (line 53)
* = <1>: Log Buffer. (line 63)
* ^: Section movement. (line 31)
* a: Applying. (line 33)
* A: Cherry picking. (line 8)
* A A: Cherry picking. (line 16)
* A a: Cherry picking. (line 22)
* A A <1>: Cherry picking. (line 35)
* A a <1>: Cherry picking. (line 43)
* A s: Cherry picking. (line 39)
* B: Bisecting. (line 8)
* b: The branch popup. (line 12)
* B b: Bisecting. (line 31)
* b b: The branch popup. (line 29)
* b c: The branch popup. (line 47)
* B g: Bisecting. (line 36)
* B k: Bisecting. (line 41)
* b k: The branch popup. (line 99)
* b n: The branch popup. (line 37)
* B r: Bisecting. (line 47)
* b r: The branch popup. (line 105)
* B s: Bisecting. (line 16)
* b s: The branch popup. (line 54)
* B u: Bisecting. (line 24)
* b x: The branch popup. (line 82)
* c: Initiating a commit. (line 8)
* c <1>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 72)
* c a: Initiating a commit. (line 18)
* c A: Initiating a commit. (line 66)
* c c: Initiating a commit. (line 13)
* c e: Initiating a commit. (line 22)
* c f: Initiating a commit. (line 42)
* c F: Initiating a commit. (line 50)
* c s: Initiating a commit. (line 54)
* c S: Initiating a commit. (line 62)
* c w: Initiating a commit. (line 32)
* C-<return>: Diff buffer. (line 29)
* C-<tab>: Section visibility. (line 13)
* C-c C-a: Editing commit messages.
(line 128)
* C-c C-b: Log Buffer. (line 19)
* C-c C-b <1>: Refreshing diffs. (line 80)
* C-c C-c: Popup buffers and prefix commands.
(line 20)
* C-c C-c <1>: Select from log. (line 14)
* C-c C-c <2>: Editing commit messages.
(line 19)
* C-c C-c <3>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 6)
* C-c C-d: Refreshing diffs. (line 70)
* C-c C-d <1>: Editing commit messages.
(line 57)
* C-c C-f: Log Buffer. (line 23)
* C-c C-f <1>: Refreshing diffs. (line 84)
* C-c C-i: Editing commit messages.
(line 153)
* C-c C-k: Select from log. (line 20)
* C-c C-k <1>: Editing commit messages.
(line 24)
* C-c C-k <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 11)
* C-c C-n: Log Buffer. (line 27)
* C-c C-o: Editing commit messages.
(line 144)
* C-c C-p: Editing commit messages.
(line 148)
* C-c C-r: Editing commit messages.
(line 132)
* C-c C-s: Editing commit messages.
(line 136)
* C-c C-t: Editing commit messages.
(line 140)
* C-c C-w: Editing commit messages.
(line 63)
* C-c M-g: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 19)
* C-c M-g b: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 76)
* C-c M-g c: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 33)
* C-c M-g D: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 39)
* C-c M-g d: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 47)
* C-c M-g L: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 58)
* C-c M-g l: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 65)
* C-c M-g p: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 82)
* C-c M-g s: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 24)
* C-c M-g u: Minor mode for buffers visiting files.
(line 28)
* C-s M-s: Editing commit messages.
(line 35)
* C-w: Common commands. (line 21)
* C-x g: Status buffer. (line 22)
* C-x u: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 89)
* d: Diffing. (line 20)
* D: Refreshing diffs. (line 11)
* d c: Diffing. (line 67)
* d d: Diffing. (line 25)
* D f: Refreshing diffs. (line 45)
* D g: Refreshing diffs. (line 16)
* d p: Diffing. (line 59)
* d r: Diffing. (line 29)
* D r: Refreshing diffs. (line 40)
* d s: Diffing. (line 49)
* D s: Refreshing diffs. (line 21)
* d t: Diffing. (line 72)
* D t: Refreshing diffs. (line 36)
* d u: Diffing. (line 55)
* d w: Diffing. (line 43)
* D w: Refreshing diffs. (line 28)
* DEL: Log Buffer. (line 43)
* DEL <1>: Diff buffer. (line 56)
* DEL <2>: Blaming. (line 44)
* DEL <3>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 28)
* e: Ediffing. (line 9)
* E: Ediffing. (line 21)
* e <1>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 55)
* E c: Ediffing. (line 65)
* E i: Ediffing. (line 57)
* E m: Ediffing. (line 35)
* E r: Ediffing. (line 26)
* E s: Ediffing. (line 48)
* E u: Ediffing. (line 53)
* E w: Ediffing. (line 61)
* E z: Ediffing. (line 69)
* f: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 63)
* f <1>: Fetching. (line 11)
* F: Pulling. (line 11)
* f a: Fetching. (line 38)
* f e: Fetching. (line 24)
* F e: Pulling. (line 24)
* f m: Fetching. (line 42)
* f o: Fetching. (line 28)
* f p: Fetching. (line 16)
* F p: Pulling. (line 16)
* f r: Fetching. (line 33)
* f u: Fetching. (line 20)
* F u: Pulling. (line 20)
* g: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers.
(line 22)
* G: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers.
(line 31)
* j: Diff buffer. (line 46)
* k: Viewing Git output. (line 19)
* k <1>: Applying. (line 40)
* k <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 68)
* k <3>: Stashing. (line 92)
* l: Logging. (line 26)
* L: Refreshing logs. (line 11)
* L <1>: Log Buffer. (line 6)
* l a: Logging. (line 56)
* l b: Logging. (line 52)
* L g: Refreshing logs. (line 16)
* l h: Logging. (line 44)
* l H: Reflog. (line 19)
* l l: Logging. (line 31)
* l L: Logging. (line 48)
* l o: Logging. (line 37)
* l O: Reflog. (line 15)
* l r: Reflog. (line 11)
* L s: Refreshing logs. (line 21)
* L t: Refreshing logs. (line 36)
* L w: Refreshing logs. (line 28)
* m: Merging. (line 9)
* M: Remotes. (line 8)
* m a: Merging. (line 57)
* M a: Remotes. (line 13)
* m e: Merging. (line 30)
* M k: Remotes. (line 28)
* m m: Merging. (line 17)
* m m <1>: Merging. (line 52)
* m n: Merging. (line 37)
* m p: Merging. (line 44)
* M r: Remotes. (line 18)
* M u: Remotes. (line 23)
* M-1: Section visibility. (line 34)
* M-2: Section visibility. (line 34)
* M-3: Section visibility. (line 34)
* M-4: Section visibility. (line 34)
* M-<tab>: Section visibility. (line 17)
* M-n: Section movement. (line 26)
* M-n <1>: Editing commit messages.
(line 45)
* M-n <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 47)
* M-p: Section movement. (line 20)
* M-p <1>: Editing commit messages.
(line 39)
* M-p <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 43)
* M-w: Blaming. (line 75)
* M-w <1>: Common commands. (line 10)
* M-x magit-blame: Blaming. (line 8)
* M-x magit-blame-popup: Blaming. (line 24)
* M-x magit-checkout-file: Resetting. (line 37)
* M-x magit-clone: Repository setup. (line 16)
* M-x magit-describe-section: Section types and values.
(line 13)
* M-x magit-describe-section <1>: Matching sections. (line 6)
* M-x magit-find-file: Visiting blobs. (line 6)
* M-x magit-find-file-other-window: Visiting blobs. (line 11)
* M-x magit-init: Repository setup. (line 6)
* M-x magit-log-buffer-file: Logging. (line 67)
* M-x magit-reset-hard: Resetting. (line 32)
* M-x magit-reset-head: Resetting. (line 21)
* M-x magit-reset-index: Staging and unstaging.
(line 88)
* M-x magit-reset-index <1>: Resetting. (line 14)
* M-x magit-reset-soft: Resetting. (line 26)
* M-x magit-reverse-in-index: Staging and unstaging.
(line 63)
* M-x magit-stage-file: Staging from file-visiting buffers.
(line 10)
* M-x magit-toggle-buffer-lock: Modes and Buffers. (line 17)
* M-x magit-unstage-file: Staging from file-visiting buffers.
(line 18)
* M-x magit-version: Git executable. (line 17)
* M-x magit-wip-commit: Wip modes. (line 129)
* n: Section movement. (line 16)
* n <1>: Blaming. (line 54)
* N: Blaming. (line 58)
* n <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 39)
* n <3>: Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs.
(line 16)
* o: Submodule popup. (line 6)
* O: Subtree. (line 8)
* o a: Submodule popup. (line 11)
* O a: Subtree. (line 20)
* o b: Submodule popup. (line 17)
* O c: Subtree. (line 24)
* o f: Submodule popup. (line 35)
* O f: Subtree. (line 32)
* o i: Submodule popup. (line 22)
* o i <1>: Submodule popup. (line 39)
* O m: Subtree. (line 28)
* O p: Subtree. (line 36)
* o s: Submodule popup. (line 31)
* O s: Subtree. (line 41)
* o u: Submodule popup. (line 26)
* p: Section movement. (line 10)
* p <1>: Blaming. (line 62)
* P: Blaming. (line 66)
* p <2>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 35)
* P <1>: Pushing. (line 11)
* p <3>: Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs.
(line 12)
* P e: Pushing. (line 35)
* P m: Pushing. (line 53)
* P o: Pushing. (line 39)
* P p: Pushing. (line 16)
* P r: Pushing. (line 44)
* P t: Pushing. (line 59)
* P T: Pushing. (line 65)
* P u: Pushing. (line 26)
* q: Quitting Windows. (line 6)
* q <1>: Log Buffer. (line 12)
* q <2>: Blaming. (line 70)
* q <3>: Minor mode for buffers visiting blobs.
(line 20)
* r: Rebasing. (line 9)
* r <1>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 51)
* r a: Rebasing. (line 96)
* r e: Rebasing. (line 34)
* r e <1>: Rebasing. (line 92)
* r f: Rebasing. (line 66)
* r i: Rebasing. (line 62)
* r m: Rebasing. (line 70)
* r o: Rebasing. (line 40)
* r p: Rebasing. (line 25)
* r r: Rebasing. (line 81)
* r s: Rebasing. (line 88)
* r u: Rebasing. (line 30)
* r w: Rebasing. (line 74)
* RET: Diff buffer. (line 6)
* RET <1>: References buffer. (line 99)
* RET <2>: Blaming. (line 29)
* RET <3>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 16)
* s: Staging and unstaging.
(line 29)
* S: Staging and unstaging.
(line 37)
* s <1>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 59)
* S-<tab>: Section visibility. (line 22)
* SPC: Log Buffer. (line 33)
* SPC <1>: Diff buffer. (line 52)
* SPC <2>: Blaming. (line 34)
* SPC <3>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 21)
* t: Blaming. (line 82)
* t <1>: Tagging. (line 8)
* T: Notes. (line 8)
* T a: Notes. (line 70)
* T c: Notes. (line 65)
* t k: Tagging. (line 18)
* T m: Notes. (line 56)
* t p: Tagging. (line 24)
* T p: Notes. (line 29)
* T r: Notes. (line 21)
* T s: Notes. (line 33)
* T S: Notes. (line 44)
* t t: Tagging. (line 13)
* T T: Notes. (line 13)
* TAB: Section visibility. (line 9)
* u: Staging and unstaging.
(line 44)
* U: Staging and unstaging.
(line 53)
* v: Applying. (line 44)
* V: Reverting. (line 6)
* V A: Reverting. (line 30)
* V a: Reverting. (line 38)
* V s: Reverting. (line 34)
* V V: Reverting. (line 14)
* V v: Reverting. (line 20)
* W: Creating and sending patches.
(line 6)
* w: Applying patches. (line 8)
* w a: Applying patches. (line 31)
* w m: Applying patches. (line 19)
* W p: Creating and sending patches.
(line 11)
* W r: Creating and sending patches.
(line 17)
* w s: Applying patches. (line 27)
* w w: Applying patches. (line 13)
* w w <1>: Applying patches. (line 23)
* x: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 76)
* x <1>: Resetting. (line 8)
* Y: Logging. (line 62)
* y: References buffer. (line 6)
* y <1>: Editing rebase sequences.
(line 85)
* y c: References buffer. (line 19)
* y o: References buffer. (line 24)
* y y: References buffer. (line 14)
* z: Stashing. (line 8)
* z a: Stashing. (line 58)
* z b: Stashing. (line 84)
* z f: Stashing. (line 88)
* z i: Stashing. (line 20)
* z I: Stashing. (line 46)
* z k: Stashing. (line 71)
* z l: Stashing. (line 76)
* z p: Stashing. (line 64)
* z v: Stashing. (line 80)
* z w: Stashing. (line 25)
* z W: Stashing. (line 51)
* z x: Stashing. (line 32)
* z z: Stashing. (line 13)
* z Z: Stashing. (line 39)
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink